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English I > Midterms > Flashcards

Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

plot

A

a sequence of events in a story

NOT analytic

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2
Q

conflict

A

the struggle b/w 2 opposing ppl or forces as a protagonist struggles with one or more antagonists

friction that requires action to be taken

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3
Q

protagonist

A

the main character of a story

the action of the story revolves around the protagonists & the conflict he/she faces

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4
Q

antagonist

A

the character/force the protagonist struggles against & must overcome

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5
Q

5 major types of conflict

A

protagonist vs.:

  1. nature
  2. society
  3. another person
  4. supernatural being (god-like force, technological creation, etc.)
  5. him/herself (internal)
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6
Q

what does the setting reveal?

A

mood, plot, characters, & theme

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7
Q

setting & mood

A

sets overall mood of the story

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8
Q

setting & plot

A

setting is important @ each pt in the plot

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9
Q

setting & characters

A

shows the characters’ physical & psychological strengths/weaknesses as they interact w/ the setting

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10
Q

setting & theme

A

says something abt life

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11
Q

chronological order

A

events in the order in which they occurred

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12
Q

flashbacks

A

an acount of a conversation, episode, or event tht happened before the beginning of a story/@ an earlier pt

interrupts the main action

shows how the past led to the present

provides background info

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13
Q

en media res

A

begins in the middle of a crisis or conflict

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14
Q

circular/framing structure

A

parallel opening & closing

Ex: A house on mango street begins & ends at the same address

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15
Q

foreshadowing

A

a writer’s use of hintsor clues in early scenes to suggest events that will occur later

prepares the reader for events to come later - often in climax/resolution

creates suspense

makes readers eager to keep reading

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16
Q

how do writers build characters?

A

STEAL

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17
Q

STEAL

A

Speech

Thoughts (private/spoken)

Effects on others (reaction)

Actions

Looks (appearance)

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18
Q

1st person

A

tell their own stories (using PN’s like I, me, and we)

tell us what they think and feel

not always reliable

limited understanding of other characters

story seems more real

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19
Q

dramatic monologue

A

a type of poem in which a speaker addresses one/more silent listeners

narrator often discuesses a specific prob/situation, talks abt his/her life & values, reveals his/her relationship w/ the audience

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20
Q

soliloquy

A

a long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his/her thoughts aloud

character may discuss specific prob/situation, or reveal his/her deepest private thoughts

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21
Q

dialogue

A

conversation b/w characters

pay attention to: what characters say & don’t say; how characters respond to each other

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22
Q

thoughts

A

note whether the character’s thoughts & feelings match their speech & actions

what is revealed thru the character’s thoughts & feelings?

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23
Q

effect on others

A

note what the others say abt the character/how characters behave in the character’s presence

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24
Q

actions

A

observe to determine:

what their personality is like

what motivates them

how they deal w/ conflict

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25
Q

what draws readers into a story?

A

vivid, complex characters whose problems & triumphs draw forth our emotions & reveal some truth abt humankind

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26
Q

subordinate characters

A

add depth & complication to the plot

sidekicks

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27
Q

flat characters/2-dimensional characters

A

a character who reveals not only one, maybe two, personality traits in a story or novel, and the trait(s) don’t change

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28
Q

round characters

A

a well developed character who demonstrates varied & sometimes contradictory traits

usually dynamic

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29
Q

background characters

A

add to the truth/believability/versimilitude of the story

“narrative furniture”

less than subordinate

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30
Q

dynamic characters

A

change/grow as a result of the story’s actions

learn something abt themselves, other ppl, or the world as they struggle to resolve their conflicts

the changes that a dynamic character undergoes contribute to the meaning of the story

Ex: Ebenezer Scrooge

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31
Q

static characters

A

a character that remains primarily the same throughout a story or novel

events in the story don’t alter a static character’s outlook, personality, motivation, perception, habits, etc.

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32
Q

motivation

A

drives a character’s actions

explains behaviors, reveals personality

often based on character’s fear, conflicts, needs

can be observed from characters’ behavior, speech, actions

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33
Q

author’s characterization tools

A

clues to communicate characters to the reader:

  1. the character’s name
  2. the character’s physical appearance
  3. character’s occupation
  4. what the character’s home/surroundings r like
  5. character’s habits
  6. what others say abt the character
  7. what the narrator says abt the character
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34
Q

direct characterization

A

the writer makes direct statements abt a character’s personality & tells what the character is like

telling

shorter, less imagination

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35
Q

indirect characterization

A

the writer reveals info abt a character & his personality thru STEAL

showing

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36
Q

third person

A

narrator is not a character in the story

may not be identifiable person but merely a voice

limited, omniscient, objective

often know more abt more characters

might not feel as connected to the story

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37
Q

limited 3rd person

A

the thoughts & feelings of ONE person r discussed

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38
Q

omniscient 3rd person

A

he/she knows the thoughts & feelings of ALL of the characters

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39
Q

objective 3rd person

A

no thoughts & feelings r discussed

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40
Q

2nd person

A

the writer takes control of the reader, using pronouns such as you, your, and you’re

instructive if giving directions

speechwriting

letterwriting

bossy if told what to think or how to feel

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41
Q

motif

A

reoccurring theme or device

help to explain the central idea of a literary work i.e. theme

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42
Q

theme/thesis

A

the meaning of the work as a whole, the message the author is trying to convey

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43
Q

central symbol

A

a person/place/obj/gesture/image that stands for something else or that has a greater meaning in addition to what it really is

represent something else and help to understand an idea or a thing

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44
Q

exposition

A

info the audience needs to kno abt wat has occurred before the action starts

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45
Q

climax

A

the turning point (often in the most dramatic part)

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46
Q

falling action

A

the part following the climax (diff from resolution - not all stories have a resolution)

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47
Q

important for analysis?

A

EVIDENCE

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48
Q

internal conflict

A

the struggle occurring w/in a character’s mind

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49
Q

external conflict

A

a struggle occurring outside the mind of a character

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50
Q

tone

A

the writer’s attitude toward the material and/or readers, as expressed thru choice of words & details

tone may be playful, formal, intimate, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc.

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51
Q

diff b/w static & flat characters

A

static characters don’t change from beginning to end of book

flat character is a character tht has only one side, and is unimportant to the story

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52
Q

Speech

A

what does the character say? how does the character speak?

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53
Q

licentious

A

(adj.) morally unrestrained

Syn: immoral; lewd

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54
Q

numismatist

A

(n.) a coin collector

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55
Q

paucity

A

(n.) a scarcity; a lack

Syn: insufficiency

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56
Q

fatalistic

A

(adj.) believing that all events in life are inevitable and determined to fate

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57
Q

obtrude

A

(v.) to force oneself into a situation

Syn: impose, intrude

Ant: extricate

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58
Q

pensive

A

(adj.) dreamily thoughtful

Syn: reflective; meditative

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59
Q

lackadaisical

A

(adj.) unintersted; listless

Syn: spiritless; apathetic; languid

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60
Q

alienate

A

(v.) to turn away feelings or affections

Syn: estrange; set against

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61
Q

elated

A

(adj.) in high spirits; exultantly proud and joyful

Syn: overjoyed

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62
Q

epigram

A

(n.) a witty saying expressing a single thought or observation

Syn: aphorism; bon mot; quip

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63
Q

amalgamate

A

(v.) to combine

Syn: unite; blend; merge; consolidate

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64
Q

demented

A

(adj.) mentally ill; insane

Syn: deranged; insane

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65
Q

hone

A

(v.) to sharpen

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66
Q

beleaguer

A

(v.) to besiege by encircling (as with an army); to harass

Syn: surround; annoy

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67
Q

gorge

A

(v.) to eat or swallow greedily

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68
Q

antiquated

A

(adj.) no longer used or useful; very old

Syn: obsolete; out-of-date; archaic

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69
Q

opiate

A

(n.) a narcotic used to cause sleep or bring relief

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70
Q

caricature

A

(n.) an exaggerated portrayal of one’s features

Syn: mockery; cartoon

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71
Q

dally

A

(v.) to waste time; dawdle

Syn: dawdle; loiter

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72
Q

felonious

A

(adj.) peraining to or constituting a major crime

Syn: criminal

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73
Q

edifice

A

(n.) a large, elabroate structure; an imposing building

Syn: fortress

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74
Q

ambidextrous

A

(adj.) equally skillful with either hand

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75
Q

belated

A

(adj.) delayed

Syn: tardy; late

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76
Q

animate

A

(v.) to give life or motion to

Syn: enliven; encourage; excite

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77
Q

knead

A

(v.) to work dough or clay into a uniform mixture

Syn: squeeze; rub; press

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78
Q

chauvinist

A

(n.) on having a fanatical devotion to a country, gender, or religion, and displaying contempt for other countries, the opposite sex, or other beliefs

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79
Q

egalitarian

A

(adj.) promoting equal rights for all ppl

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80
Q

berserk

A

(adj.) in a state of violent or destructive rage

Syn: frenzied

Ant: placid; complacent

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81
Q

ostentatious

A

(adj.) marked by a conspicuous, showy, or pretentious display

Syn: grandiose

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82
Q

delude

A

(v.) to mislead; to fool

Syn: deceive

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83
Q

elude

A

(v.) to escape notice; to get away from

Syn: avoid; evade; lose

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84
Q

fallow

A

(adj.) inactive; unproductive

Syn: idle; barren

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85
Q

blight

A

(n.) anything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation

Syn: affliction; disease

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86
Q

obsequy

A

(n.) a funeral rite or ceremony

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87
Q

denizen

A

(n.) an occupant; an inhabitant

Syn: resident

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88
Q

fealty

A

(n.) obligated loyalty or faithfulness

Syn: devotion; fidelity; allegiance

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89
Q

entice

A

(v.) to attract by offering reward or pleasure

Syn: tempt; lure

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90
Q

gratify

A

(v.) to please

Syn: satisfy; indulge

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91
Q

laggard

A

(n.) a slow person, especially one who falls behind

Syn: straggler; dawdler

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92
Q

gambit

A

(n.) a maneuver or action used to gain an advantage

Syn: strategy; ploy; manuever

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93
Q

jaded

A

(adj.) worn out; dulled, as from overindulgence

Syn: exhausted, wearied

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94
Q

gist

A

(n.) the main point

Syn: idea, essence

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95
Q

advocate

A

(v.) to recommend; to speak in favor of

Syn: promote; encourage

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96
Q

efface

A

(v.) to obliterate; to wipe out

Syn: erase

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97
Q

charisma

A

(n.) a personal appeal or attraction; magnetism

Syn: charm

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98
Q

ogre

A

(n.) a brute; a large monster; a frightful giant

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99
Q

mesmerize

A

(v.) to hypnotize

Syn: captivate; entrance

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100
Q

entity

A

(n.) anything having existence, either physical or mystical

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101
Q

bandy

A

(v.) to exchange words; to discuss casually

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102
Q

dastardly

A

(adj.) cowardly & treacherous

Syn: dishonorable; shameful

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103
Q

nepotism

A

(n.) favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, esp. in business or hiring practices

104
Q

begrudge

A

(v.) to resent another’s success; to envy

Syn: resent

105
Q

mandarin

A

(n.) an influential person; a member of an elite group

106
Q

glutinous

A

(adj.) gluey; sticky

107
Q

enmity

A

(n.) deep-seated hostlity, often mutual

Syn: hatred; antagonism

108
Q

declaim

A

(v.) to speak in a dramatic, impasioned, or blustering manner

Syn: trumpet

Ant: whisper

109
Q

imbue

A

(v.) to inspire or influence; to saturate

Syn: instill; pervade

110
Q

gaff

A

(n.) a pole w/ a large hook on one end

111
Q

quaff

A

(v.) to drink in large quantities; to gulp

Syn: guzzle; swig

112
Q

bibliophile

A

(n.) a lover of books

113
Q

gird

A

(v.) to prepare for an event or an action

Syn: brace

114
Q

daunt

A

(v.) to make afraid; to discourage

Syn: intimidate; dishearten

115
Q

flux

A

(n.) a state of continual change or movement

Syn: fluctuation; instability

116
Q

hovel

A

(n.) a wretched living place; an open shed

Syn: shanty; shack

117
Q

cadaverous

A

(adj.) of or like a corpse; pale; gaunt; thin

Syn: ghastly

118
Q

gothic

A

(adj.) of teh middle ages; of or relating to a mysterious, grotesque, and desolate style of fiction

119
Q

penury

A

(n.) extreme poverty

Syn: destitution

120
Q

egress

A

(n.) an exit; a means of going out

Syn: passage

121
Q

felicity

A

(n.) happiness; bliss

Syn: euphoria; delight

122
Q

despot

A

(n.) a dictator w/ absolute power

Syn: tyrant

123
Q

beget

A

(v.) to produce; to make happen

Syn: generate

124
Q

educe

A

(v.) to draw or bring out

Syn: elicit

125
Q

glean

A

(v.) to collect bit by bit; to gather w/ patient labor

Syn: garner

126
Q

chafe

A

(v.) to wear or irritate, often thru rubbing/friction

127
Q

effrontery

A

(n.) shameless boldness

Syn: impudence; nerve; audacity

128
Q

imbibe

A

(v.) to drink (especially alcohol)

129
Q

feign

A

(v.) to pretend

Syn: simulate; fake

130
Q

desist

A

(v.) to stop; to discontinue

Syn: cease; end

131
Q

allude

A

(v.) to hint at; to refer to indirectly

Syn: suggest; imply

132
Q

elite

A

(n.) the choice members or best of a group

Syn: leaders

133
Q

bilk

A

(v.) to cheat or swindle; to thwart

Syn: defraud, con

134
Q

homily

A

(n.) a sermon

Syn: lecture; speech

135
Q

demise

A

(n.) death; a ceasing to exist

Syn: termination; conclusion

136
Q

emit

A

(v.) to send out; to give forth, as in sound or light

Syn: produce; discharge; release

137
Q

decadence

A

(n.) moral deterioration

Syn: decay; corruption; debauchery

138
Q

aghast

A

(adj.) feeling great dismay or horror

Syn: terrified; horrified; shocked

139
Q

granary

A

(n.) a storehouse for grain

140
Q

choleric

A

(adj.) easily angered

Syn: irascible; cantankerous

141
Q

impede

A

(v.) to hinder; to obstruct

Syn: delay; retard

142
Q

qualm

A

(n.) a feeling of uneasiness

Syn: misgiving

143
Q

lampon

A

(n.) a written satire used to ridicule of attack someone

Syn: parody; caricature

144
Q

narcissistic

A

(adj.) conceited; having excessive self-love or admiration

Syn: vain; egotistic

145
Q

eradicate

A

(v.) to wipe out; to destroy

Syn: eliminate

146
Q

fabricate

A

(v.) to concoct; to make up a story in order to deceive

Syn: forge; fake

147
Q

ghastly

A

(adj.) horrible; frightful

Syn: dreadful; hideous

Ant: lovely; attractive

148
Q

fallible

A

(adj.) capable of error

Syn: imperfect

Ant: infallible, flawless

149
Q

blatant

A

(adj.) obvious; too conspicuous

Syn: unconcealed; deliberate

Ant: secretive; cautious

150
Q

dawdle

A

(v.) to waste time

Syn: tarry; loiter

Ant: hasten; expedite

151
Q

affiliate

A

(n.) an associate; a partner

Syn: member; colleague

152
Q

fawn

A

(v.) to act slavishly submissive

Syn: grovel

Ant: ignore; disregard; neglect

153
Q

calumny

A

(n.) a false and malicious accusation

Syn: slander; slur

Ant: compliment

154
Q

berate

A

(v.) to scold or rebuke severely and at length

Syn: admonish; reprimand

Ant: praise

155
Q

minion

A

(n.) a fawning, servile follower

Syn: lackey

Ant: leader

156
Q

desolate

A

(adj.) lonely; forlorn; uninhabited; barren

Syn: deserted; bleak

Ant: populous; cheerful

157
Q

bane

A

(n.) the cause of ruin, harm, distress, or death

Syn: blight; curse

Ant: aid; assistance

158
Q

pacify

A

(v.) to calm down

Syn: appease; placate

Ant: provoke; agitate

159
Q

garble

A

(v.) to mix up or distort

Syn: jumble; corrupt

160
Q

prevaricate

A

(v.) to lie

Syn: hedge

161
Q

filch

A

(v.) to steal

Syn: pilfer; pinch

162
Q

neophyte

A

(n.) a beginner

Syn: novice; amateur

163
Q

flagrant

A

(adj.) glaringly bad; outrageous

Syn: offensive; shameless; brazen

164
Q

patrician

A

(n. ) an aristocrat
syn: noble

165
Q

emissary

A

(n.) one sent on a special mission to represent others

Syn: ambassador; agent

166
Q

kindred

A

(adj.) having a similar origin, nature, or character

Syn: homogeneous

167
Q

fracas

A

(n.) a loud quarrel or fight

Syn: brawl

168
Q

lacerate

A

(v.) to tear (flesh) jaggedly

Syn: slash; gash; rip

169
Q

futile

A

(adj.) useless; pointless

Syn: ineffectual; fruitless

170
Q

immaculate

A

(adj.) spotless; perfect

Syn: clean; pure

171
Q

gait

A

(n.) manner of walking

Syn: walk

172
Q

carp

A

(v.) to complain or find fault in a petty or nagging way

Syn: grumble; nag; nitpick

173
Q

query

A

(v.) to ask; to inquire

Syn: question; interrogate

174
Q

queu

A

(n.) a line of ppl or vehicles

175
Q

nefarious

A

(adj.) very wicked; notorious

Syn: villainous; despicable

176
Q

genesis

A

(n.) beginning; origin

Syn: start; birth

177
Q

facade

A

(n.) a deceptive outward appearance; a misrepresentation

Syn: pretense; charade

178
Q

plot diagram

A

exposition

exciting force

rising action

climax

falling action

resolution

179
Q

sequence

A

authors must decide how to structure their narratives

180
Q

diff b/w theme & thesis

A

A thesis statement is usually associated with an essay or formal paper. usually declared explicitly in the form of an argument or interrogative that the bulk of the text attempts to address.

Theme is usually much more elusive than a thesis and is typically not explicitly stated. Themes are commonly employed to establish some relation with the reader, to address some universal concept or evoke some particular idea. Themes in fiction are created with motifs, which are figurative patterns that suggest something underlying the story.

181
Q

mood

A

the atmosphere that pervades a literary work w the intention of evoking a certain emotion/feeling from the aduience

may be created by a combo of such elements as setting, voice, tone, & theme

use adj’s

feeling u have in response to the writing

182
Q

simile

A

a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities b/w 2 diff things

unlike a metaphor, draws resemblance w/ the help of words “like” or “as”

direct comparison

183
Q

metaphor

A

a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison b/w 2 things/obj’s tht r poles apart from each other but have some characteristics comon b/w them

a resemblance of 2 contradictory/diff obj’s is made on a single/some common characteristics

184
Q

analogy

A

a comparison in which an idea/thing is compared to another thing that is quite diff from it

aims @ explaining that idea/thing by comparing it to something that is familiar

metaphors & similes used to draw an analogy - more extensive than either

Ex: Structure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around their sun.

185
Q

diction

A

style of speaking/writing determined by the choice of word by a speaker/writer

separates good writing from bad writing: should be accurate, appropriate to the context, and such that the listener or readers understand easily

186
Q

syntax

A

the actual way in which words & sentences r placed together in writing

usually should follow a pattern of subj-verb-obj agreement, but sometimes authors play around w/ this to achieve a lyrical, rhythmic, rhetoric, or questioning effect

not related to the meaning of each word/overall meanings of sentence

187
Q

hyperbole

A

the author uses specific words & phrases that exaggerate & overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect

188
Q

personification

A

the practice of attaching human traits & characteristics w/ inanimate obj’s, phenomena, & animals

189
Q

allusion

A

the author refers to a subj matter such as a place, event, or literary work by way of a passing reference

up to the reader to make a connection to the subj being mentioned

190
Q

onomatopoeia

A

refers to words whose very sound is very close to the sound they r meant to depict

191
Q

compare & contrast

A

highlights similarities & diff’s b/w 2+ subj’s

used to show the benefits of 1 subj over another/to compare an unfamiliar subj w/ a familiar one

look for signal words such as also, and, but, in contrast, unlike, and while

192
Q

cause & effect

A

examination of the causes and/or effects of a stiuation/phenomenon

193
Q

classification

A

grouping info by common characteristiics

e.g. media classified as print, television, and radio

194
Q

transitions

A

words & phrases which provide a connection b/w ideas, sentences, & paragraphs

help to make a piece of writing flow better

not only connect ideas, but also introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument

195
Q

subjective (point of view)

A

a personal view/opinion

or might just describe something

sensations, beliefs, feelings, emotions, opinions

196
Q

objective (point of view)

A

gives only facts

when the writer tells what happens w/out stating more than can be inferred from the story’s action and dialogue

197
Q

connotation

A

emotional association beyond the dictionary def

subjective/biased

198
Q

denotation

A

the dictionary def

objective

199
Q

stock character

A

a fictional character based on a common literary/social stereotype

rely heavily on cultural types/names for their personality, manner of speech, & other characteristics

200
Q

purpose

A

an author’s purpose is what the writer hopes to achieve by crafting a particular work

to inform/explain, persuade, entertation, express thoughts/feelings

always has “to” in front

201
Q

to inform or explain

A

Ex: encyclopedia/magazine articles, documentries, instruction manuals, Web sites

clues:

  • facts & statistics
  • directions
  • steps in a process
  • diagrams/illustrated explanations
202
Q

to persuade

A

Ex: editorials, TV ads, political speeches

  • a statement of opinion
  • supporting evidence
  • appeals to emotion
  • a call to action
203
Q

to entertain

A

Ex: short stories, novels, plays, humorous essays, movies

clues:

  • suspenseful/exciting situations
  • humorous/fascinating details
  • intriguing characters
204
Q

to express thoughts/feelings

A

Ex: personal essays, poems, diaries, journals

clues:

  • thoughtful desc’s
  • insightful observations
  • the writer’s personal feelings
205
Q

perspective

A

anauthor’s perspective is the lens thru which a writer looks at a topic

colored by the writer’s experiences, values, & feelings

look @

  • focus of the work
  • word choice
  • tone
206
Q

chronological organization

A

describes events in time order

used to explain a sequence of events in an easy-to-follow way/to tell a suspenseful or exciting story

look for signal words such as before, finally, first, next, and then

207
Q

how else can writers of nonfiction use text features to help u understand a topic?

A

subheading, captions, & boldfaced types

208
Q

Outliers central message

A

Successful people are determined by their surrounding circumstances, other people, & practice, so we as a community can affect who succeeds in our society.

209
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

refers to the use of particular instances or concrete examples to support a general claim

is compelling, but doesn’t, in itself, provide proof

210
Q

assertion

A

a bold claim

211
Q

statistical evidence

A

supports the claim by emplying numerical data

212
Q

factual knowledge

A

refers to essential facts, terminology, details, / elements necessary in order to understand a discipline or solve a problem in it

213
Q

authoritative testimony

A

occurs when an expert on a specific topic is referenced in order to grant an argument more weight

used in argumentative papers, politics, social policy, & courts of law

214
Q

style

A

the unique elements that make everything distinctive

the way a particular work is written - how it’s said

depends on choice of words, tone, & sentence structures

formal, informal, journaistic, literary

215
Q

formal style

A

uses sophisticated, abstract language

may use complex sentence structures

carefully observes rules of grammar

216
Q

informal style

A

sounds like everyday conversation

may use contractions & slang

may use simple sentences & fragments

217
Q

journalistic style

A

uses netutral words to report facts

often includes simple sentences

reader notices what’s said, not who’s talking

218
Q

literary style

A

may use imagery to convey a mood

often includes long, elaborate sentences

reader often gets to know the narrator - the voice that tells the story

219
Q

voice

A

the personality that comes across in the page

may be the writer’s, or it may belong to a fictional character in a story

word choice, sentence structure, & tone

220
Q

sentence structure

A

can be short & to the point or long & complex

221
Q

clause

A

S + V

not necessarily a sentence

222
Q

phrase

A

doesn’t have a S + V

223
Q

simple sentence

A

1 clause

224
Q

compound sentence

A

1 clause + FANBOY or ; + 1 clause

225
Q

complex sentence

A

1 clause + (subordinating conj + 1 clause) OR (subordinating conj + 1 clause) + 1 clause

226
Q

FANBOYS

A

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So (but not “so that”)

227
Q

compound complex sentences

A

1 clause + FANBOYS or ; + 1 clause + (subordinating conj. + 1 clause)

OR

(subordinating conj + 1 clause) + 1 clause

OR

1 clause + (subordinating conj + 1 clause)

OR

(subordinating conj + 1 clause) + 1 clause + 1 clause + coordinating conj

228
Q

subordinating conj’s

A

make clauses dependent

after, altho, as, because, if, since, so that, until, when, while

229
Q

relative PN’s

A

who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that, & which

can act as subj’s in a clause

230
Q

preposition

A

links nouns, PN’s, & phrases to other words in a sentence

usually indicates the temporal, spatial, or logical relationship of its obj to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples

231
Q

essay opening paragraph

A

approx 8-10 setnences

  1. hook/attention getter
  2. background
  3. thesis
232
Q

essay body paragraph

A

approx. 10-12 sentences
1. topic (assertion)
2. evidence
3. analysis

233
Q

persuasive techniques

A
  1. appeals to emotion
  2. transfer (transfer feelings abt one things to another)
  3. bandwagon (appeal to popularity as an attempted form of validation
  4. testimonial (a person’s written/spoken statmeent extolling the virtue of a product/service/ideas)
  5. loaded lagnuage (refers to words, phrases, & overall verbal & written communication tht is intended to inspire emotion in the reader/listener Ex: Tax relief, no child left behind)
234
Q

inference

A

an educated guess based on the evidence

235
Q

graphic aid

A

pics/art used to illustrate a subj

236
Q

table of contents

A

a list of the parts of a book/doc organized in the order in whcih the parts appear

237
Q

index

A

a collection of entries, alphabetically arranged, that is made to allow users to locate information in a given book

appears at end

238
Q

glossary

A

an alphabetical list of terms w/ the def’s for those terms

traditionaly, appears @ end of book & includes terms w/in tht book tht r either newly introduced, uncommon, or specialized

239
Q

essay

quotes or italics?

A

quotes: short

poems that aren’t epics

songs

articles

speeches

essays

individual televison episodes

short stories

italics: long

novellas over 60 pgs

novels over 100 pgs

epic poems

TV shows

movies

CD titles

240
Q

passive voice

A

occurs when u make the obj of an action into the subj of a sentence

241
Q

pronoun-agreement errors

A

the indefinite PN’s “anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody” r always singular

242
Q

biased PN’s

A

we, our, us,

collective first person

243
Q

“to be” verbs

A

am is are was were be being been

244
Q

low-level words

A

get

things

stuff

a lot

bad

good

245
Q

2nd person

A

you your yours

246
Q

counter argument

A

an argument opposed to your thesis, or part of your thesis. It expresses the view of a person who disagrees with your position.

247
Q

rebuttal

A

the portion of an essay or speech that acknowledges the opponent’s position and gives evidence or argument against it

248
Q

topic sentence

A

a sentence that captures the meaning of the entire paragraph or group of sentences. It tells what the passage is mainly about.

249
Q

colloquial language

A

informal language that is not rude, but would not be used in formal situations. It is less unacceptable than Slang & Swear Words.
Read more at http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/colloquial.html#jHvJRXLtXWdFAe8y.99

250
Q

prepositional phrase

A

consists of a prep, its obj, and any modifiers of the obj

251
Q

adverb phrase

A

modifies a verb, adj, or another adverb

252
Q

adj phrase

A

modifies a noun/PN

253
Q

independent/main clause

A

expresses a complete thoguht & forms a sentence

254
Q

subordinate/dependent clause

A

contains a subj & verb but doesn’t express a complete thought

cannot stand alone as a setnence

255
Q

verbal phrase

A

no subj

diff from subordinate clause

256
Q

when to use commas

A

in series of 3+

after “first, second, so on” when they introduce a series

b/w 2+ adj’s of equal rank that modify same noun

after introductory words/mild interjections “oh, yes, no, well”

after introductory prep phrase that contains additional prep phrases

after verbal phrases & adv clauses used as introductory elements

to set off 1+ words tht interrupt the flow of thought in a sentence

to set off nouns of direct address

to set off nonessential appositives

English I (28 decks)

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