Midterms Flashcards by Docayag Angelica S.

What is the most common way of identifying physical and chemical properties of wood?

Microscopic observation (Abe, 2016)

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refers to the determination of a
certain wood sample as being
similar to an already known
kind.

Wood Identification

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It is also the
determination of the taxonomic
position of wood.

Wood Identification

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3 Confirmatory test for identification

a) Splinter/ Ash Tests
b) Fluorescence Tests
c) Froth Tests

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Gross physical features of wood

Texture
Color
Taste
Grain Direction
Luster
Weight
Odor

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refers to the size and proportional
amount of woody elements.

TEXTURE

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due to the presence of extractives
deposited in the wood cells.

COLOR

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Colors of wood

Bright yellow or orange
Light wine red to blood red
Black with black stripes
Bright yellow (fresh)

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the ability to reflect light.

Luster

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Taste of pagatpat and batino

Pagatpat- Salty
Batino- Bitter

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resistance to indentation. This may be
known by cutting the sample with a knife or by
applying pressure with the fingernails on the
longitudinal surface of the wood

Hardness

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dependent on three factors:

(1) amount of wood substances
(2) moisture content
(3) amount of extractives present

Weight

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hardest and heaviest wood in the world found in the Philippines

Mangkono

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Malabayabas and Mangkono of Family __________ are
extremely heavy woods

Myrtaceae

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this refers to the arrangement
or orientation of the wood elements with
respect to respect to the longitudinal axis

Grain direction

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Types of grain direction

Straight grained
Wavy
Cross
Spiral

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tangential surface of wood shows the ___________

Grain direction

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Lighter colored rings
developed during the rainy
season.

Early wood / spring wood

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Cells with thinner
walls and of lower density.

Early wood / spring wood

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Darker colored bands
formed during the dry
season.

Late wood or
summerwood

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Cells with
thicker walls and of
higher density.

Late wood or
summerwood

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A type of growth ring that is sometimes
encountered especially in old or suppressed trees.

Discontinuous ring

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formed when factors such as
drought, insect infestation, late frost in
temperate countries affects the structural
development of the cells, and results in a
subsequent formation of more than one ring
during a growing season.

False ring

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One false ring included in the true
ring

Double ring

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More than 1 false ring is included * Results in overestimation of the age of the tree.

Multiple ring

Growth increments are ________ near the lower part of the crown and ___________ in width toward both the tip and the base of the trunk (lengthwise).

Widest, Decrease

Factors of variations in growth increment

Environment and genetics

the cross-section of a vessel.

Pore

This provides a number of features that are of value in identification like the shape, size, its occlusions, number and distribution.

Pore

pipelines within the trunk, transporting sap within the tree.

Pores

largest type of cells

Vessel elements or PORES

Refers to the classification of hardwoods on the basis of pore size and distribution.

Topography

radial series of adjacent solitary pores

Pore chain

pores appearing as one and consisting of several divisions

pore multiple

tangential grouping of pores

wavy bands

Wood diameters are measured in _________

Micrometers or microns

Short-thin-walled element concerned primarily with storage and to a lesser extent in the distribution of carbohydrates

Parenchyma

May appear in the form of dots, lines and bands. More abundant in hardwoods.

Parenchyma

longitudinal parenchyma arrange independent of vessels/pores.

Apotracheal parenchyma

refers to a tube or pipe

trachea

parenchyma cells that occur separate from the pores.

Apotracheal

can occur as single cells bordering a pore, called scanty parenchyma.

Paratracheal parenchyma

In some species, banded parenchyma can also occur along the growth ring boundary called ___________

Marginal parenchyma

It is when both the parenchyma and rays occur in thin, closely spaced bands forming a net or grid-like pattern,

Reticulate parenchyma

Parenchyma may occur in slightly narrower intervals than the rays, appearing as rungs on a ladder,

Scalariform parenchyma

Other parenchyma type

Boundary Initial Terminal

a ribbon-shaped strand of tissue extending in a radial direction across the grain.

Wood rays

What is seen in the tangential section of a tree?

Rays arranged in horizontal

THE BASIC CELL TYPES:

A. Vessels members B. Parenchyma C.Fiber D.Tracheid

primitive element of xylem (fluid-conducting tissues), consisting of a single elongated cell with pointed ends and a secondary, cellulosic wall thickened with lignin

Tracheids

serve for support and for upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals in all vascular plants and are the only such elements in conifers and ferns

Tracheids

Tracheids comprises __________ of the volume of the wood

90-95%

Vessels are composed of elongated vessel members in series connected by ____________

Perforation wall

primary and secondary, lignified.

cell wall

Types of vascular rays

Homocellular ray Heterocellular ray

defined as tracheids present adjacent to vessels in a wood which also possesses libriform fibers or fiber- tracheids as imperforate tracheary elements

Vasicentric Tracheids

Vascular tracheids would correspond with the definition of vasicentric, but are defined as occurring only in latewood

Vascular tracheids

somewhat uncommon form of paratracheal parenchyma is sometimes seen in a handful of wood species

Unilateral parenchyma

occurs when the parenchyma is so extensive that it extends outward and makes contact with the parenchyma from neighboring pores

Confluent parenchyma

form of parenchyma that is closely related to vasicentric

Aliform parenchyma

overgrowths of the protoplast of adjacent living parenchymatous cells, which protrude into xylem vessels through pits

Tyloses

a powerful tool for the identification of wood, but like all tools it must be used correctly to take full advantage of its powers.

Wood hand lens

considered a primitive cell type that gave rise, through evolution, to both vessel members and fibres.

Tracheids

minute units

Cells

These cells are mainly longitudinal, or axial—their long axis runs parallel to the axis of the trunk (vertical in the standing tree).

Tracheids

Most in demand cut in the market because it is strong

Radial cut

Basis of wood identification

Physical/structural features and anatomical features

Kaya mo pa gurl?

HAHAAHA

refers to the arrangement or direction of the wood elements particularly the fibers in relation to the wood’s longitudinal axis.

Grain

denotes the size and the proportional amounts of woody elements in relation to the size of pores.

Texture

quarter sawn lumber

Radial face

Plain sawn lumber

Tangential face

Softwood

Conifers

Hardwood

Dicotyledons

Type of wood where rays is always narrow

Softwood

Type of wood where rays are short and narrow or wide and tally depending on species

Hardwoods

ray widths vary within and between species.

Hardwood

_____________tracheids are preferred for paper, since longer fiber length is important for paper strength.

Softwood

articulated, tube-like structure of indeterminate length in porous woods; formed through the fusion of the cells in a longitudinal row and perforation of common walls in a number of ways.

Vessel

Rays that swell at the growth-ring boundary.

Node rays

rays composed of only one type of cells, typically only porcumbent cells.

Homocellular

portion of ray as it appears on the quarter surface

ray fleck

What is the distance of the eye to the wood lens?

1-4 cm

growth rings with an abrupt structural change at the boundaries between them, usually including a change in fibre wall thickness and/or fibre radial diameter,

Growth rings boundaries distinct

growth rings vague and marked by more or less gradual structural changes at their poorly defined boundaries or not visible,

Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent

It has fibers and other elements that are generally parallel to the wood's longitudinal axis

Straight grained

wood shows undulations in the direction of fiber alignment, or the exposed surfaces are wavy

Wavy grained

fiber alignment deviates from the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis

Cross grained

When _____ or more of the pores in a wood sample are solitary, it is said to be exclusively solitary

90%

This classification includes pores that are in a more-or-less horizontal (tangential) orientation.

Ulmiform

what size is 50-100 micrometers

medium