CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the
trunk or branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber
WOOD
simplest plants; mostly unicellular;
reproduce through cell
division; includes bacteria,
algae and fungi
THALLOPHTYES
represented by mosses and
liverworts. This group has
chlorophyll but structure is
of primitive type.
BRYOPHYTES
stems, roots and leaves possess
vascular tissues but are small
and short-lived, although many
are considered perennials.
Reproduction involves spore
formation.
PTERIDOPHYTES
the seed-producing plants which consists of two major groups
SPERMATOPHYTES
cone-bearing; seeds are naked and leaves are mostly needle-like or acicular if not subulate
GYMNOSPERM
woody plants in the tropics resembling tree ferns and
palms; e.g., oliva and pitogo
CYCADALES
monotype, restricted to a single species Gingko
biloba of China and Japan
GINKOALES
regarded as the most recent Order of the Gymnosperms in the phylogenetic sequence.
GNETALES
3 FAMILY OF GNETALES
WELWITSCHIACEAE
GNETACEAE
EPHEDRACEAE
the only Order of the Gymnosperms capable of producing timber in commercial scale
CONIFERALES
flowering plants; seed enclosed in an ovary and most are broad-leaved;
ANGIOSPERM
with single seed leaf and scattered vascular bundles;
e.g., coconut
MONOCOTS
two seed leaves with vascular tissues arranged in a ring
form and also characterized by the presence of pith at the center
of stem;
DICOT
the vegetative parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems; and the reproductive parts of the plant,
which include flowers and fruits
SHOOT SYSTEM
supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals
ROOT SYSTEM
extensions of
root epidermal cells, increase
the surface area of the root,
greatly contributing to the
absorption of water and
minerals.
ROOT HAIRS
covers
and protects; controls gas
exchange and water
absorption
- covered by a waxy cuticle
that prevents evaporative
water loss
DERMAL TISSUE
carries out
different functions based on
the cell type and location in the
plant
GROUND TISSUE
photosynthesis in
the leaves, and storage in the
roots
PARENCHYMA
shoot support
in areas of active growth
COLLENCHYMA
shoot support in areas where growth has ceased
SCLERENCHYMA
- strand of
primary tissues found within the
stem of a plant and consisting of
xylem and phloem, along with
cambium
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
tiny leaves, stems and flowers located in a small case at the base of each leaf.
BUDS
They produce new growth and absorb water and nutrients
from the soil.
ROOTS
A root that grows straight down
Taproot
Roots that branch out
Lateral roots
They provide anchorage
support for the tree.
ROOTS
one of the determining factors in what vegetation is present in an area.
SOIL
___________ of soil or an __________ of
water is usually harmful to tree growth.
Compaction of soil and abundance in water
It protects the inner wood layers from
injuries, pests and disease.
OUTER BARK
It is hidden beneath the bark of the tree
WOOD LAYERS
carries synthesized food from the leaves to the cambium layer and other growing portions of the tree.
Phloem or inner bark
It is microscopic and actively builds
the cells that make more wood and bark.
Cambium layer
It transports sap or water and nutrients from the
roots to the leaves.
Xylem or sapwood
conception (_____), to birth (_____), to infancy (_______), to juvenile (________), to adult (________), to elderly (_______), and finally to death (_______/_____).
Seed, sprout, seedling, sapling, mature, decline, snag/rotting log
External conditions favorable for the tree
adequate space
water
nutrients
sunlight for individual species
At this point, the tree’s survival is determined more by external stresses rather than the tree’s vigor.
Decline
growth from the root and shoot tips resulting in increases in height and
length
Primary growth
growth that increases the thickness of stems and branches is called
secondary growth.
Secondary growth
according to physics, capillary action is influenced by _______ ________
Pore diameter and surface tension
the maximum column height of trees
116m (380 ft)
a solution containing various sugars and water as well as growth regulators (hormones) and other substances.
Sap
the mineral‐rich water that is taken up by roots and moved upward through the outer portion of the
xylem.
Sap
function in storing carbohydrates and may serve as avenues of horizontal transport for stored materials from near the center of the tree outward following periods of dormancy.
Rays
The cells that compose wood are formed in the _______ ______
Vascular cambium
Growth is __________ when the terminal bud produces new leaves and stem, but maintains a growing point at the tip.
Monopodial
Basic processes in tree growth
Production of wood and bark
Development of young stem
Vascular cambium
Development and growth of xylem phloem
Expansion of the cambial layer
As a tree expands in diameter, the cambium is pushed progressively ________.
outward
What is the most important in the growth of the cambium?
Anticlinal division of fusiform initials
long, slender cells that divide repeatedly to form new cambial initials or new xylem and phloem.
Fusiform initials
Production of new initials by radial partitioning is termed as _______ _______
anticlinal division
