CHAPTER 5 and 6

Question 1

the first clearly visible layer of the cell wall and is located between the plasma membrane and the middle lamella or, in some cells, between the secondary wall and the middle lamella.

Answer 1

Primary Cell Wall

Question 2

It is responsible for the initial shape and size of the plant cell, and determines its subsequent changes in shape and size.

Answer 2

Primary Cell Wall

Question 3

this, plant cells create channels that cross the cell walls and allow direct communication between adjacent cytoplasms. These channels are called

Answer 3

Plasmodesta

Question 4

Plasmodesmata can appear concentrated in certain areas of the cell wall
forming what are called

Answer 4

Primary pore fields

Question 5

the main substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright

Answer 5

Cellulose

Question 6

matrix substance of the cell wall composed of two types of sugar molecules:
xylans and glucomannans

Answer 6

Hemicellulose

Question 7

made of intractable material which acts as the cementing substance of wood

Answer 7

Lignin

Question 8

They are typically concentrated in the heartwood and are often produced by
the standing tree as defensive compounds to environmental stresses

Answer 8

Extractives

Question 9

Type of extractives that is insoluble in water, synthesized by epithelial cells that protect plants and wood against pathogens. and produced mainly in conifers

Answer 9

Terpenes

Question 10

A vast group of naturally occurring
compounds with medicinal potencies referred to as isoprenoids

Answer 10

Terpenoids

Question 11

also known as non-aromatic compounds that serve as a source of energy for
the wood cells and can act as surfactants
limiting fungal adhesion on wood
surface abundant in cuticle of plants

Answer 11

Aliphatic compounds

Question 12

found in the bark and heartwood that serve the purpose of protecting lignocellulose from fungal and microbial attack and can be washed out as “resin” from live trees

Answer 12

Aromatic Phenolic compounds

Question 13

FOUR (4) CLASSIFICATIONS OF AROMATIC PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Answer 13

LIGNANS
STILBENES
FLAVONOIDS
TANNINS

Question 14

found in the knots of soft wood trees, mainly in the form of hydroxymatairesinol and often more significant in the nodes of branches subject to mechanical stresses and loads due to environmental conditions.

Answer 14

Lignan

Question 15

Occurs naturally in all plant families and serves as protection against ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores

Answer 15

Flavonoids

Question 16

protect heartwood against fungal
colonization by a dual function:
fungicidal activity and being
excellent free radical scavengers
(antioxidants)

Answer 16

Flavonoids

Question 17

has antioxidant properties, antifungals, and pharmacological and therapeutic uses and is isolated from certain fruits such as grapes are widely used in cosmetology and other drugs

Answer 17

Stilbenes

Question 18

found commonly in the bark of trees,
wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots, and plant galls and act as protection from infection against bacteria and fungi

Answer 18

Tannins

Question 19

source of nitrogen necessary for the development of the plant and protective agents against ultraviolet radiation

Answer 19

Alkaloids

Question 20

perennials that create stiff structures above ground

Answer 20

woody plants

Question 21

“backbone”
for support

Answer 21

wood

Question 22

“skin” for
protection

Answer 22

bark

Question 23

only part of
the trunk that is alive

Answer 23

cambial layer

Question 24

transports water
and mineral salts from roots

Answer 24

xylem

Question 25

transports sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant

Answer 25

phloem

Question 26

an aggregate of untold number of small units called cells.

Answer 26

wood

Question 27

Wood cells are separated by an intercellular substance called the

Answer 27

middle lamella

Question 28

the living part of the cell, which comprises of different cellular organelles. It is a jelly- like, colorless, transparent and viscous living substances present within the cell wall

Answer 28

protoplasm

Question 29

The substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Contains cell organelles like Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, but no nucleus. Jelly-like fluid containing water, proteins and metabolic wastes.

Answer 29

cytoplasm

Question 30

made up of microfibrils that are dispersed in a loose, irregular interwoven pattern

Answer 30

primary wall

Question 31

intercellular material extending between the cell walls of adjacent wood cells

Answer 31

True middle lamella

Question 32

refers to the true middle lamella and the primary cell walls of two adjacent wood cells

Answer 32

compound middle lamella

Question 33

the thickest layer in the 2ndary cell wall consist of dense network of lamellae aligned nearly parallel to each other

Answer 33

S2 Layer

Question 34

the warty layer

Answer 34

S3 Layer

Question 35

non-structural constituents of wood composed of low molecular weight organic compounds that composed only 10% in trees but are diverse. Can be extracted in wood through solvents (e.g. acetone)

Answer 35

extractives

Question 36

Most wood extractives are _______ and only a little part is water-soluble

Answer 36

lipopholic

Question 37

3 MAIN GROUP OF EXTRACTIVES

Answer 37

Aliphatic compounds Terpenes Phenolic compounds

Question 38

primitive element of xylem (fluid-conducting tissues)

Answer 38

Tracheids

Question 39

consisting of a single elongated cell with pointed ends and a secondary, cellulosic wall thickened with lignin (a chemical binding substance) containing numerous pits but having no perforations in the primary cell wall

Answer 39

Tracheids

Question 40

typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions

Answer 40

parenchyma

Question 41

are actively involved in photosynthesis, secretion, food storage, and other activities of plant life one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants

Answer 41

Parenchyma

Question 42

Types of Parenchyma

Answer 42

Longitudinal Parenchyma Radial (Ray) Parenchyma Epithelial Cells

Question 43

Orientation: parallel to the long axis of the stem Function: food storage

Answer 43

Longitudinal parenchyma

Question 44

Orientation: perpendicular to the long axis of the stem Seriation, uniseriate – present in all softwoods species multiseriate (with horizontal resin canal) – present only in softwoods with resin canals Function: food storage, (water transport in radial direction)

Answer 44

Radial parenchyma

Question 45

formed by parenchyma cells only

Answer 45

homocellular ray

Question 46

formed by parenchyma cells (RP) and ray tracheids (RT)

Answer 46

heterocelullar ray

Question 47

form the the periphery of a structure called a resin canal (RC) AND excrete resin into the RC

Answer 47

Epithelial Cells

Question 48

Intercellular spaces or cavities surrounded by parenchyma cells

Answer 48

rESIN CANAL

Question 49

Orientation: Parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the stem Occurrence - only in all species of 4 genus of Pinaceae family:

Answer 49

Resin canals

Question 50

may be formed in wounded trees that don't have normal resin canals

Answer 50

Traumatic resin canals

Question 51

purposes of these ducts is to protect and seal up a wound by exuding resin to cover the damaged area of the tree

Answer 51

Resin canals

Question 52

technically not individual cells, but are actually open, tube-like spaces bordered by special cells that have the ability to secrete pitch or resin into the neighboring opening

Answer 52

Resin canals

Question 53

group of non-structural components in woods that consists of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds

Answer 53

CRYSTALLIFEROUS WOOD ELEMENTS

Question 54

consists of terpenes and terpenoids protects the tree from microbic attack exclusive for softwood and tropical hardwoods with resin canals

Answer 54

Oleoresin

Question 55

dominated by monoterpenoids and diterpenoids (resin acids)  all built up by different amounts of isoprene-units (C5H8)

Answer 55

oleoresin

Question 56

Volatile components in softwood oleoresin, built up to two Isoprene units  Gives wood the characteristic odor  Can be divided into acylic, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic

Answer 56

Monoterpenoids

Question 57

One of the most important group of extractives in softwood

Answer 57

Diterpenoids

Question 58

There are more than 2500 types  Occurs in small amounts in tropical wood species

Answer 58

Sesquiterpenoids

Question 59

mixtures of several related carboxylic acids, primarily abietic acid, found in tree resins are tacky, yellowish gums that are water-insoluble.  They are used to produce soaps for diverse applications

Answer 59

Resin acids

Question 60

extremely plastic—the cells can extend and thus adjust to increased growth of the organ

Answer 60

Collenchyma

Question 61

greatly elongated cells whose long, tapering ends interlock, thus providing maximum support to a plant. They often occur in bundles or strands and can be found almost anywhere in the plant body,

Answer 61

fiber