Midterm Week #1 Content Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of the structure of the human body, including internal and external structures and their relationships.
Define physiology
The study of how body parts function and work together.
What are the subdisciplines of anatomy?
- Gross Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
- Developmental Anatomy
- Embryology
- Pathological Anatomy
- Radiographic Anatomy
- Functional Morphology
What is Gross Anatomy?
Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
What is Regional Anatomy?
Focuses on body regions (e.g., head, limbs).
What is Systemic Anatomy?
Studies body systems (e.g., skeletal, muscular).
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
Examines tissues and cells.
What is Developmental Anatomy?
Studies structural changes from fertilization to adulthood.
What is Embryology?
Focuses on development from fertilization to 8 weeks.
What is Pathological Anatomy?
Studies structural changes due to disease.
What is Radiographic Anatomy?
Uses imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI).
Define anatomical terminology using word roots
Anatomical terms are derived from Greek and Latin for precise communication.
What is the chemical level of structural organization?
Atoms form molecules.
What is the cellular level of structural organization?
Cells are the basic functional units of life.
What is the tissue level of structural organization?
Groups of cells performing common functions.
What is the organ level of structural organization?
Structures composed of multiple tissues (e.g., stomach, heart).
What is the organ system level of structural organization?
Organs working together for a purpose (e.g., digestive system).
What is the organismal level of structural organization?
The fully functional human body.
List the functions of the Integumentary System
- Protection
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Sensory reception
What is the main function of the Skeletal System?
Structure, protection, blood cell formation, mineral storage.
What does the Muscular System do?
Movement, posture, heat production.
What is the function of the Nervous System?
Fast-acting control, sensory processing, response to stimuli.
What does the Lymphatic System/Immunity do?
Fluid balance, immune response.
What is the primary function of the Respiratory System?
Oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal, voice production.
What does the Digestive System do?
Food breakdown, nutrient absorption, waste elimination.
What is the role of the Cardiovascular System?
Circulates blood, delivers oxygen, removes waste.
What does the Endocrine System regulate?
Hormone production, metabolism regulation.
What is the function of the Urinary System?
Waste elimination, electrolyte and pH balance.
What does the Reproductive System produce?
Gamete production, hormone secretion.
What metric unit is used to measure length?
Meter (m), Centimeter (cm), Micrometer (µm).
What metric unit is used to measure volume?
Liter (L), Milliliter (mL).
What metric unit is used to measure mass?
Kilogram (kg), Gram (g).
Define anatomical position
Standing upright with feet together, eyes forward, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed outward.
What is the Sagittal Plane?
Divides the body into left and right parts.
What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
What is the Transverse Plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
What does the Dorsal Cavity protect?
Nervous system.
What structures are housed in the Cranial Cavity?
Brain.
What structures are enclosed in the Vertebral Cavity?
Spinal cord.
What is found in the Thoracic Cavity?
Lungs, heart (pleural and pericardial cavities).
What organs are found in the Abdominal Cavity?
Liver, stomach, intestines.
What is contained in the Pelvic Cavity?
Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.
What does the Pleural Cavity surround?
Lungs.
What does the Pericardial Cavity surround?
Heart.
What does the Peritoneal Cavity surround?
Abdominal organs.
What organs are in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)?
- Liver
- Gallbladder
What organs are in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)?
- Stomach
- Spleen
What organs are in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)?
- Appendix
- Ascending colon
What organs are in the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)?
- Descending colon
- Small intestine
What does an X-ray visualize best?
Bones and dense structures.
What is a CAT Scan used for?
Creates cross-sectional images of soft tissues and organs.
What is Angiography used for?
Detects blockages in arteries.
What does a PET Scan visualize?
Metabolic activity.
What is Sonography commonly used for?
Pregnancy imaging and soft tissues.
What does an MRI provide?
Soft tissue contrast.
Identify the major components of the integumentary system
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands
What are the main functions of skin?
- Protective barrier
- Regulates body temperature
- Produces vitamin D
- Enables sensory reception
What are the three layers of the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
What do keratinocytes produce?
Keratin.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Lubricate and waterproof skin and hair.
What do sudoriferous glands do?
Help regulate body temperature and remove waste.
What role does dermal circulation play?
Essential for temperature regulation and nutrient delivery.
How does the skin sense touch, pressure, and pain?
Through sensory receptors that detect external stimuli.
What are the types of hair?
- Vellus hair
- Terminal hair
- Lanugo
What is the Anagen Phase in hair growth?
Active growth phase.
What is the function of nails?
- Protect fingertips and toes
- Assist in fine motor skills and grip strength
Why are mammary glands considered specialized integumentary glands?
They produce and secrete milk for infant nourishment.
What hormone stimulates milk production in mammary glands?
Prolactin.
What triggers milk release from mammary glands?
Oxytocin.
