Midterm Vocab Flashcards
Discovery of new knowledge, facts,
phenomena…
Fundamental (basic)
Application of scientific knowledge to solve problems
Applied
any factor you control during an experiment
(for example – making sure that your subjects aren’t taking any
additional supplements)
Control variable
subset of subjects that do not receive
the experimental treatment (Vitamin C), and represent the baseline, or “business as usual”.
Control (or control group)
All matter is composed of…
Atoms!
Outer most shell with high energy electrons
Valence Shell
smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
atom
elements will combine 8 electrons in valence shell
Octet Rule
- Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
- ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
Electronegativity
- Equal sharing of electrons
- Occurs when 2 atoms have similar electronegativity
- No charges present
Non-polar Covalent Bonds
- Unequal sharing of electrons
- Occurs when 2 atoms differ in electronegativity
- Partial charges exist around the atoms within the molecule
Polar Covalent Bonds
type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
Covalent Bond
charged particle that forms when atoms gain or lose electrons.
ions
What forms Ionic Bonds?
Ions of opposite
charges are
attracted to each
other…
- Ions and molecules with polar covalent bonds can attract water
through electrical charge effects
Hydrophilic
Molecules unable to interact with water are excluded from the water molecules
Hydrophobic
non-polar molecules will tend to associate with each other when in a polar solvent like water
Hydrophobic interactions
Amphipathic molecules
Phospholipids
Favorable movements for
phospholipids:
- Lateral diffusion
- Rotation
- Flexing of tails
Unfavorable movements fro phospholipids:
Flip from one leaflet to the other
Cell Death; signals to immune system cells to engulf the dying
cell!
apoptosis
Experiment that demonstrated membrane
fluidity (1970)
heterokaryons
What makes macromolecules?
Monomers joining together; are polymers
made by joining monomers in a
repeated, predictable manner.
chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
polymer
smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers
monomers
Assembled Macromolecules
cells
■ Join to make molecules
■ Join to make macromolecules
■Come together to make structures / organelles
■ come together to make cells
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolecules
- Organelles
- Proteins
- catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
- catalysts that increase the rate of a
chemical reaction.
Enzyme
Proteins Monomer?
Amino Acids
Used to categorize amino acids
R-groups
the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide
Level One; Primary Structure
formed by hydrogen bonding between the non-variable parts of non-adjacent amino acids
Level Two, Secondary structure: (local structure)
Determined by…
- interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids within one polypeptide
- Interactions between side chains and the environment
Level Three, Tertiary structure:
(3D structure of 1 peptide chain)
Determined by…
- Interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids in different polypeptides.
- The individual polypeptide chains are
called subunits, and often the multisubunit protein complex only functions once the subunits come together.
Level Four, Quaternary structure:
(3d shape of multiple peptide chains)
Are proteins dynamic or rigid?
Dynamic
energy necessary for reactions to occur
Activation Energy
increases the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
all enzymes bound to substrate
Enzyme saturation
a measure of the rate (velocity) of an enzymecatalyzed reaction under specific conditions
Vmax
phosphorylation
Covalent modulation
Monomers of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
What are the components of a nucleotide
- Phosphate group
- 5-carbon (pentose) sugar
- Nitrogenous base
S and R strain into mice
The Griffith experiment (1928)
Using enzymes to destroy stuff; To test whether protein, DNA, or RNA is the heritable macromolecule, scientists selectively destroy one at a time
The Avery Experiment (1944)
Showing the size and abundance of DNA or RNA.
Gel electrophoresis
Making many copies of a selected
piece of DNA (gene)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Determining (“reading”) the exact nucleotide sequence of a gene, or another piece of DNA.
DNA sequencing
expressing genes into products
The Central Dogma of biology
serve the function of coding for a protein
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)
Codons?
Ex. UUU and GUA
Further explain translation; how we know what codons make what amino acids
Nirenberg and Leder (1964)
passive transport process of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient
Diffusion
Does diffusion require energy
Nope! It is passive, occurs from high to low gradients
What creates a gradient?
Different Concentrations on Either Side of Membranes
the energy that is available to do “work”
Free energy/Gibbs Free Energy
state at which the total free energy is 0
Equilibrium
What influences the movement of ions (charged particles)?
chemical concentration and charge
based on the concentration gradient (move from high to low)
chemical driving force
based on a difference in charge across the membrane (movement occurs because ions are attracted to opposite charge)
electrical driving force
has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
Amphipathic
