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Biology 160 > Midterm Vocab > Flashcards

Midterm Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Discovery of new knowledge, facts,
phenomena…

A

Fundamental (basic)

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2
Q

Application of scientific knowledge to solve problems

A

Applied

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3
Q

any factor you control during an experiment
(for example – making sure that your subjects aren’t taking any
additional supplements)

A

Control variable

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4
Q

subset of subjects that do not receive
the experimental treatment (Vitamin C), and represent the baseline, or “business as usual”.

A

Control (or control group)

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5
Q

All matter is composed of…

A

Atoms!

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6
Q

Outer most shell with high energy electrons

A

Valence Shell

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7
Q

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

A

atom

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8
Q

elements will combine 8 electrons in valence shell

A

Octet Rule

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9
Q
  • Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
  • ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
A

Electronegativity

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10
Q
  • Equal sharing of electrons
  • Occurs when 2 atoms have similar electronegativity
  • No charges present
A

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

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11
Q
  • Unequal sharing of electrons
  • Occurs when 2 atoms differ in electronegativity
  • Partial charges exist around the atoms within the molecule
A

Polar Covalent Bonds

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12
Q

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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13
Q

charged particle that forms when atoms gain or lose electrons.

A

ions

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14
Q

What forms Ionic Bonds?

A

Ions of opposite
charges are
attracted to each
other…

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15
Q
  • Ions and molecules with polar covalent bonds can attract water
    through electrical charge effects
A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

Molecules unable to interact with water are excluded from the water molecules

A

Hydrophobic

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17
Q

non-polar molecules will tend to associate with each other when in a polar solvent like water

A

Hydrophobic interactions

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18
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

Phospholipids

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19
Q

Favorable movements for
phospholipids:

A
  • Lateral diffusion
  • Rotation
  • Flexing of tails
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20
Q

Unfavorable movements fro phospholipids:

A

Flip from one leaflet to the other

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21
Q

Cell Death; signals to immune system cells to engulf the dying
cell!

A

apoptosis

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22
Q

Experiment that demonstrated membrane
fluidity (1970)

A

heterokaryons

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23
Q

What makes macromolecules?

A

Monomers joining together; are polymers
made by joining monomers in a
repeated, predictable manner.

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24
Q

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

A

polymer

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25
Q

smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers

A

monomers

26
Q

Assembled Macromolecules

A

cells

27
Q

■ Join to make molecules
■ Join to make macromolecules
■Come together to make structures / organelles
■ come together to make cells

A
  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Macromolecules
  • Organelles
28
Q
  • Proteins
  • catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
  • catalysts that increase the rate of a
    chemical reaction.
A

Enzyme

29
Q

Proteins Monomer?

A

Amino Acids

30
Q

Used to categorize amino acids

A

R-groups

31
Q

the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide

A

Level One; Primary Structure

32
Q

formed by hydrogen bonding between the non-variable parts of non-adjacent amino acids

A

Level Two, Secondary structure: (local structure)

33
Q

Determined by…
- interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids within one polypeptide
- Interactions between side chains and the environment

A

Level Three, Tertiary structure:
(3D structure of 1 peptide chain)

34
Q

Determined by…
- Interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids in different polypeptides.
- The individual polypeptide chains are
called subunits, and often the multisubunit protein complex only functions once the subunits come together.

A

Level Four, Quaternary structure:
(3d shape of multiple peptide chains)

35
Q

Are proteins dynamic or rigid?

A

Dynamic

36
Q

energy necessary for reactions to occur

A

Activation Energy

37
Q

increases the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

38
Q

all enzymes bound to substrate

A

Enzyme saturation

39
Q

a measure of the rate (velocity) of an enzymecatalyzed reaction under specific conditions

A

Vmax

40
Q

phosphorylation

A

Covalent modulation

41
Q

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide

A
  • Phosphate group
  • 5-carbon (pentose) sugar
  • Nitrogenous base
43
Q

S and R strain into mice

A

The Griffith experiment (1928)

44
Q

Using enzymes to destroy stuff; To test whether protein, DNA, or RNA is the heritable macromolecule, scientists selectively destroy one at a time

A

The Avery Experiment (1944)

45
Q

Showing the size and abundance of DNA or RNA.

A

Gel electrophoresis

46
Q

Making many copies of a selected
piece of DNA (gene)

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

47
Q

Determining (“reading”) the exact nucleotide sequence of a gene, or another piece of DNA.

A

DNA sequencing

48
Q

expressing genes into products

A

The Central Dogma of biology

49
Q

serve the function of coding for a protein

A

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

50
Q

Codons?

A

Ex. UUU and GUA

51
Q

Further explain translation; how we know what codons make what amino acids

A

Nirenberg and Leder (1964)

52
Q

passive transport process of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Does diffusion require energy

A

Nope! It is passive, occurs from high to low gradients

54
Q

What creates a gradient?

A

Different Concentrations on Either Side of Membranes

55
Q

the energy that is available to do “work”

A

Free energy/Gibbs Free Energy

56
Q

state at which the total free energy is 0

A

Equilibrium

57
Q

What influences the movement of ions (charged particles)?

A

chemical concentration and charge

58
Q

based on the concentration gradient (move from high to low)

A

chemical driving force

59
Q

based on a difference in charge across the membrane (movement occurs because ions are attracted to opposite charge)

A

electrical driving force

60
Q

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

A

Amphipathic

Biology 160 (22 decks)

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