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Biology 160 > Midterm Vocab > Flashcards

Midterm Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Discovery of new knowledge, facts,
phenomena…

A

Fundamental (basic)

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2
Q

Application of scientific knowledge to solve problems

A

Applied

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3
Q

any factor you control during an experiment
(for example – making sure that your subjects aren’t taking any
additional supplements)

A

Control variable

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4
Q

subset of subjects that do not receive
the experimental treatment (Vitamin C), and represent the baseline, or “business as usual”.

A

Control (or control group)

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5
Q

All matter is composed of…

A

Atoms!

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6
Q

Outer most shell with high energy electrons

A

Valence Shell

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7
Q

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

A

atom

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8
Q

elements will combine 8 electrons in valence shell

A

Octet Rule

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9
Q
  • Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
  • ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
A

Electronegativity

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10
Q
  • Equal sharing of electrons
  • Occurs when 2 atoms have similar electronegativity
  • No charges present
A

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

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11
Q
  • Unequal sharing of electrons
  • Occurs when 2 atoms differ in electronegativity
  • Partial charges exist around the atoms within the molecule
A

Polar Covalent Bonds

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12
Q

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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13
Q

charged particle that forms when atoms gain or lose electrons.

A

ions

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14
Q

What forms Ionic Bonds?

A

Ions of opposite
charges are
attracted to each
other…

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15
Q
  • Ions and molecules with polar covalent bonds can attract water
    through electrical charge effects
A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

Molecules unable to interact with water are excluded from the water molecules

A

Hydrophobic

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17
Q

non-polar molecules will tend to associate with each other when in a polar solvent like water

A

Hydrophobic interactions

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18
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

Phospholipids

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19
Q

Favorable movements for
phospholipids:

A
  • Lateral diffusion
  • Rotation
  • Flexing of tails
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20
Q

Unfavorable movements fro phospholipids:

A

Flip from one leaflet to the other

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21
Q

Cell Death; signals to immune system cells to engulf the dying
cell!

A

apoptosis

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22
Q

Experiment that demonstrated membrane
fluidity (1970)

A

heterokaryons

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23
Q

What makes macromolecules?

A

Monomers joining together; are polymers
made by joining monomers in a
repeated, predictable manner.

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24
Q

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

A

polymer

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25
smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers
monomers
26
Assembled Macromolecules
cells
27
■ Join to make molecules ■ Join to make macromolecules ■Come together to make structures / organelles ■ come together to make cells
- Atoms - Molecules - Macromolecules - Organelles
28
- Proteins - catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein - catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
Enzyme
29
Proteins Monomer?
Amino Acids
30
Used to categorize amino acids
R-groups
31
the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide
Level One; Primary Structure
32
formed by hydrogen bonding between the non-variable parts of non-adjacent amino acids
Level Two, Secondary structure: (local structure)
33
Determined by... - interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids within one polypeptide - Interactions between side chains and the environment
Level Three, Tertiary structure: (3D structure of 1 peptide chain)
34
Determined by... - Interactions between side chains (R groups) of different amino acids in different polypeptides. - The individual polypeptide chains are called subunits, and often the multisubunit protein complex only functions once the subunits come together.
Level Four, Quaternary structure: (3d shape of multiple peptide chains)
35
Are proteins dynamic or rigid?
Dynamic
36
energy necessary for reactions to occur
Activation Energy
37
increases the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
38
all enzymes bound to substrate
Enzyme saturation
39
a measure of the rate (velocity) of an enzymecatalyzed reaction under specific conditions
Vmax
40
phosphorylation
Covalent modulation
41
Monomers of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
42
What are the components of a nucleotide
* Phosphate group * 5-carbon (pentose) sugar * Nitrogenous base
43
S and R strain into mice
The Griffith experiment (1928)
44
Using enzymes to destroy stuff; To test whether protein, DNA, or RNA is the heritable macromolecule, scientists selectively destroy one at a time
The Avery Experiment (1944)
45
Showing the size and abundance of DNA or RNA.
Gel electrophoresis
46
Making many copies of a selected piece of DNA (gene)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
47
Determining (“reading”) the exact nucleotide sequence of a gene, or another piece of DNA.
DNA sequencing
48
expressing genes into products
The Central Dogma of biology
49
serve the function of coding for a protein
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)
50
Codons?
Ex. UUU and GUA
51
Further explain translation; how we know what codons make what amino acids
Nirenberg and Leder (1964)
52
passive transport process of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient
Diffusion
53
Does diffusion require energy
Nope! It is passive, occurs from high to low gradients
54
What creates a gradient?
Different Concentrations on Either Side of Membranes
55
the energy that is available to do “work”
Free energy/Gibbs Free Energy
56
state at which the total free energy is 0
Equilibrium
57
What influences the movement of ions (charged particles)?
chemical concentration and charge
58
based on the concentration gradient (move from high to low)
chemical driving force
59
based on a difference in charge across the membrane (movement occurs because ions are attracted to opposite charge)
electrical driving force
60
has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
Amphipathic

Biology 160 (22 decks)

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