Midterm Two Flashcards
Urodela Class
Ampibia
Urodela (2)
Salamanders and Newts
NS Species (5)
Red-backed Salamander Yellow-spotted Salamander Blue-Spotted Salamander Four-Toed Salamander Red-Spotted Newt
Urodela Genus (1)
Plethodon
Plethodon Common name
Woodland salamanders
Plethodon morphs: Types (3)
Red back (striped) Lead back (non-striped) Erythristic (all red)
Red back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour (3)
Decidious wood
Immobility when threat from predators
lower stress levels in this morph
Lead back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour
Coniferous woods
Runs away from threat
High stress in this morph
Erythristic Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour
Uncommon Deciduous woods (maples mostly
Urodela Development (2)
Direct development
Brooding
Urodela Direct Development (2)
no larval stage
Hatch into small salamanders
Urodela Brooding (2)
Mother protects eggs from others
Consume the dead eggs
Amphibian parental care: Modes (6)
Egg attendance Egg transport Tadpole attendance Tadpole transport Tadpole feeding Internal gestation in oviduct
Amphibian Reproduction (3)
4 - 17 eggs
Laid may to june
Hatch August or September
Urodela Territorial behaviour (2)
Scent mark with pheromones
Actively defend territories
Urodela Olfaction (2)
Nasolabial groove
Nose-tapping response
Testudines (3)
Turtles & tortoises
Aquatic lifestyle (mostly)
Only turtles in NS
Testudines features: Hibernation (4)
Hibernate under water
Stable temperature of 4C
October to April
Active: Mid-April - mid-October
Testudines features: sex determination (2)
Temperature dependent
Exception: Wood Turtle
Testudines features: Maturation (3)
extended for most turtles
Over a decade
Long living
NS Testudines species’ (4)
Painted
Snapping
Blanding’s
Wood
Eastern Painted Turtle: scientific name + size + status
Chrysemys picta picta
10 - 25 cm
Not Endangered
Painted Turtle: Canadian Sub-species (3)
Eastern: yellow plastron
Midland: Yellow with dark central pattern
Western: Yellow and red markings on plastron
Painted Turtle: Temperature
15C - 20C
Painted Turtle: nesting (3)
5 - 20 egs
may - july
can have 2 clutches in one season
Painted Turtle: Sex (2)
30C incubation + = females
lower temps = males
Painted Turtle: maturity (2)
Males: 8 years
Females: 12 - 15 years
Snapping Turtle: Scientific name + size (3)
Chelydra serpentina serpentina
Males: 47cms
Females 35 cm
Snapping Turtles: distribution
Maritimes to Saskatchewan
Snapping Turtles: maturity
15 years
Snapping Turtles: Nesting
25 - 50 eggs
late spring lay
Early fall hatch
Snapping Turtles: Sex determination
warm or cool: females
Intermediate: Males
Blandings Turtle: Name + Size + status
Emtdoidea Blandingii
18 - 26 cm
Extremely endangered
Blandings Turtle: physical characteristics (2)
Yellow spots on shell
Yellow chin/ throat
Blandings Turtle: distribution
Quebed, Ontario, NS
Blandings Turtle: Maturity
15 - 25 years
Blandings Turtle: Nesting (2)
15 eggs
laid mid to late june
Blandings Turtle: Sexing
Temp dependent
Wood Turtle: Size + name
Glyptemys insculpta
16 - 25 cm
Wood Turtle: Livng area + distribution
Riparian zone (very terrestrial) southern ontario and quebec, NB and NS
Wood Turtle: other characteristics (3)
Fast
Diurnal but hunts at night
Most terrestrial in NS, but still hibernates in water
Wood Turtle: Maturity
18 years
Wood Turtle: nesting (2)
Mate in last spring to fall
lay up to 20 eggs in June
Wood Turtle: Longevity (2)
40 years in wild
58 in captivity
Wood Turtle: sexual dimorphism (4)
minor
males have concave plastrons
female plastron is flat
Males have longer tails, longer claws, more colour
Wood Turtle: Worm Stomping (2)
make fake rain by stomping feet
Causing worms to go to surface
Wood Turtle: seasonal activity patterns (2)
based on sun and ground temperature because ectothermic
Wood Turtle: diet (6)
Mushroom Inverts berries moss grass carrion
Wood Turtle: Cause for decline (5)
illegal pet trade Road kill Agricultural deaths (blades low) Loss of habitat Habitat fragmentation
Atlantics Kemp’s Ridley Turtle: Name + status + size
Lepidochelys kempi
Endangered (most of all sea turtles)
35 - 75 cm
Atlanti logger head: Name + size
Caretta caretta caretta
85 cm to 1.2m
Atlantic Leatherback Turtle: name + size
Dermochelys coriacea coriacea
1.3 to 2.4 M
Aggression in Dogs: Reasons (4)
Fearful/ anxiety
Protection of resources
Frustration
Pain
Aggression in Dogs: signs (4)
Perked up ears
Tail up
weight on front feet
Waning eye (see the white portion of eye)
fear in Dogs: signs (9)
Tuck tail ears down head down sniffing ground weight on back legs Lift paw lick lips look away eyes closed Yawn
Sexual Selection: Use (2)
Establish best genes
Determine Quality of genes
Types sexual selection (2)
Inter-sexual
Intra-sexual
Intrasexual selection
Males or females compete with each other
Intersexual Selection (3)
Males or females choose their mates
Males often compete
Females often choose
NOT ALWAYS TRUE
Sexual Selection from Darwin: reasons for choice (3)
Maternal Care:
Limited number of ova
Child bearing is costly
Lactation is costly
Intrasexual Selection: territories and birds (2)
Larger territories = more fit
But trade-off to get territory
Leave early to get territory (but have to live in the cold)
Intrasexual Selection: Competition after mating (Examples) - 2
Lions: new pride leader = kill cubs
Mice: Bruce Effect (pheromones of new males will block the effect of female pregnancy)
Intrasexual Selection: Male-Male Competition (4)
Androgen levels higher = aggression + Sex = often helps
comes down to 3 things
aggression
sperm competition
Kleptogamy (sneaking)
Intrasexual Selection: paternal care
Only when good chance/ guaranteed to be the father
Intrasexual Selection: Wood Frogs (4)
Northern Quebec
first to vocalize in spring
sexual dimorphism (females with bigger ear membranes)
conduct kleptogamy/ sneak mating (hide next to singing males and steal females)
Sexual Selection: Independently of competition
- Males evaluate/ assess the competition (may not even compete if no chance)
- Females evaluate/ assess competition too
- Male and female evaluate each other to see what choices are
K-Selected Species: Characteristics + Example:
Environment Climate Body size Development speed Longevity Offspring quality/ type Reproduction strategy Offspring quality Parental care Parental investment in young Mortality Infraspecific competition Territory
Stable environment Constant/ predictable climate Large bodies Slow Development Long life span precocial Low number of offspring Extensive care High investment Low mortality High competition There is territory
Ex. Elephants
R-Selected species + example
Environment Climate Body size Development speed Longevity Offspring quality/ type Reproduction strategy Offspring quality Parental care Parental investment in young Mortality Infraspecific competition Territory
Opportunistic species
Unstable environs Variable climates Small bodies Rapid Development Short life span Often Altricial babies Reproduce alot minimal care low investment high mortality low competition rarely territorial
Ex. Rodents (often, some exceptions)
K - Selection: Parental care COnt. (2)
Long dependency when scarce or low food
Primate have longest dependency
Reproductive success (3)
# born # weaned # available for mating
Sexual Selection : Sexual Priorities (Male vs. Female)
Males: How many females that they can inseminate
Females: Limited by number of eggs you have (much larger constraint
Sexual Selection: assumptions (3)
Recognize your own species/ sub-species
Avoidance of inbreeding (ie. recognition key)
ID good genes based on phenotypes
Sexual Selection: Conflicts with this form of selection (2)
What each sex wants: Does it mean they are actually fit for survival
Investment is not even between sexes (females often invest more)
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic
Secondary characteristics that influence mates choice
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: reason (2)
- To advertise sex
- Shows health of endocrine system (better look = more healthy)
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Peacock (2)
Better tail = more healthy
- Missing feathers = attacked (cant get away)
- May be sick
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Mainland Moose (2)
- parasites are hurting the horns of the organisms
- Sexual selection is hurting reproduciton because they dont want the men with shit horns
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: In all mating systems? (2)
- Often occurs when sexual dimorphism occurs
- Often in non-monogamous species (polygamous)
Dimorphism in Primates (2)
- Often strong (some do not have it)
- males have dramatic sexual characteristics
Sexual Selection: Direct Benefit Theory (5)
- Females are choosy because they have more to lose
- Females want best genes to best have chance of having more success
- Males must sell self using best phenotypes
- Males are mostly average but it is a standard distribution (some better, some worse)
- Males must bring direct benefits ( presents, etc…)
Direct Benefit Theory: Scorpion Flies
- extended phenotype used
- Build a shelter for the females
Good Gene Theory (2)
-good genes = better mate
Indirect benefit theory
-best genotypes are translated into the best phenotypes
Good Gene Theory: Assumptions (2)
- Females must be able to ID the best genes based on phenotypes
- Females must ID cheaters
Good Gene Theory: Cheating to get mates (2)
-honest signals of healthy/ fit males is extremely costly
-Therefore honest phenotypes are a handicap
Handicap Hypothesis
Handicap Principle/ hypothesis (1 + example)
An honest phenotype would hinder survival to get a mate
Ex. Peacocks tail
-paradoxical (shouldnt be alive with the bulky tail but I am so I should be fit)
Good Gene Theory: How females detect good genes? (2 ways)
-better phenotypes = less parasites = better immune system
-high parasite load makes them look less fit
Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis
MHC pheromones: genetically determined smell (fingerprint smell)
-Females likely pick up on the smell, may discriminate the males immune system
Good Gene Theory: Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis (2)
- Females choose the least parasitized males
- Means they have better immune system
Good Gene Theory: MHC Pheromones (2)
- genetic signature, therefore can smell how closely related organisms are
- this helps dodge inbreeding
- look for a mismatch
Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis (3)
- more symmetrical = more fit
- humans find symmetrical faces most attractive
- symmetry and odour may be correlated
Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis - Example (2)
-Birds may have excellent olfactory to judge mates, young in eggs, etc..
Runaway Selection Theory (5)
- two genes are involved (one expressed on each sexes side)
- both genes in each sex but only one expressed based on their sex
- The gene in females sets a preference to something
- The gene in males has a gene that inherits the female preference
- Better inheritance of the preferred gene and this causes a runaway to exaggerated this preferred trait
Runaway Selection Theory: genes used in this theory
Likely genes that express ornaments
Other factors in mate choice (3)
Learning
Sexual Imprinting
Cultural transmission
Other factors in mate choice: Learning (3 + example)
- Classical or instrumental conditioning
- Young females choose mates based on how experienced females do
- Could influence choice (not just innate)
Harlow experiemnts: isolated baby monkey (they didnt learn about sex, etc..)
Other factors in mate choice: Sexual imprinting (4)
- chics imprint when born (follow that)
-Mammals have something similar too
(Filial imprinting)
-closer to puberty sexual imprinting occurs (see what to ‘like’)
Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission (5)
- Females may show to other females on what to pick
- Genetic transmission of this knowledge is possible too
- If this is true: many females will copy the matriarch
- Then the males that mate will be fewer and some males will have even more success
- Leads to more reproductive success variance
Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission issues (2)
Copiers copying copiers is not helpful
Can be maladaptive
Sexual Selection: Good Gene Theory Example: Barn Sawllows
- Long tails handicap the birds survival
- Long tails indicate parasitic resistance
- But tail could even be advantageous (seen in wind tunnel)
Sensory Bias Theory: What kind of approach?
Proximate approach
Sensory Bias Theory (2)
- Choice in female driven by the intensity of the sensory simulation
- respond to specific, predisposed sensory stimuli
Sensory Bias Theory: Swordtails (3)
- Xiphophorus genus: No all species have these swords
- However, female in species without a sword are more interested in the opposite species with swords
- These females responding to an ancestral gene for that preference
Sensory Bias Theory: Mallard Ducks + Others in NS (3)
- Mallard ducks are not from Canada (the males are very bright colours)
- Female Black Ducks in NS are attracted to Mallards more than their own species
- Male Black Ducks are not colourful
Hybridizing: Climate Change (2)
- Due to climate changes, species are beginning to overlap and hybridizing
- Ex. Grizzly + Polar
-Sensory Bias Theory may play a role in this in the future
Pinniped Sexual Dimorphism (2)
- Males much, much bigger than females
- Males can have ornaments too often
Ornaments: uses (3)
- Impress females
- Assessment of other males
- Intimidation of other males
Ornaments and Androgens: Connection (3)
- Ornaments could be linked to androgens
- Ie. Bigger/better ornament = more androgens
- Moose horns are linked to androgens 100%
When does testosterone / Androgens peak? (2)
- Right before mating season
- To deal with competition
Forced Mating (4)
- Happens in Elephant Seals, often
- However, a lot of the time mating sounds forces (Cats, Dogs, etc…)
- Females often do this on purpose (tease then resist)
- Just part of the ‘display’
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection (2)
- At times females look at the nest built, or the territory, etc..
- Look at an external resource a male secures
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, How to be best phenotype (2)
- androgen correlated
- Get there first (this is a trade-off)
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, Pied Flycatcher (1)
-Large territories held by males gives best chance to get females
Social Behaviour (def’n)
Interaction between 2 or more individuals of same species, in which 1 or more benefit from the behaviour
Social behaviour categories (4)
Sexual
Parental/alloparental
Agonistic (conflict)
Affiliative (play)
Affiliative behaviour
Often done after Agonistic behaviour
Used to resolute conflict
Epimeletic (2)
- Car giving, altruistic behaviours
- By parents
Et-epimeletic (2)
- Care-soliciting behaviours
- Asking for help (baby
Allelomimetic (2)
- Social learning
- Doing same as others
Type of bonds (6)
Parent - offspring (persistent) Sibling- Sibling Female - Female Male - Male Male - Female
-After separation from mother sometimes they pair up
Sociogram = Ethogram (3)
Group interaction mapping
dyad = 2
Triad = 3
Etc….
- # of relationships increases hugely with more individuals in the group
Dyads (3)
- Most common group interaction
- Lower Vertebrates only do Dyads
- Some higher order can handle more than dyads
Mammalian Social Organization: Mating Strategy (3)
degree of male or female choice
Monagomous, etc.
-Can often define the social system
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness (5)
- Four Levels
- Solitary
- Aggregations
- Group Permanence & Identity
- Personal relationships within the group
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness
Solitary (2)
- Arguably cannot be 100% solitary due to mating and then parent - offspring
- some lizards may be able to perform pathogenesis and therefore never mate
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness
Aggregations (4)
Herds (if not permanent)
For protection, warmth, etc…
- Often just to go to water to drink aggregate at a source
- Ex. Giraffes
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness
Group Permanence & Identity (3)
- Herds that stay together really
- They have some sort of ID
-Ex. Rats: Have a specific scent for its group
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness
Personal relations within gorup (4)
- Not random
- Can be political
- Personality is a key
- Often are leaders
Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance (2)
- Intolerance to same/different sex
- Often not okay with other groups (think racism)
Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance, Why? (1)
TO be competitive, to have better chances
Mammalian Social Organization: Affectional Bonds (2)
- Mostly mother-offspring
- Unless kin selection going on (nice to family really)
Mammalian Social Organization: Complexity of Communication (2)
- More social behaviour/ affectional bonds = more sophisticated behaviour
- Ex. Bats, Whales
Mammalian Social Organization: Inbreeding Avoidance (2)
- Sex dispersion, have to spread out
-Or Heirarchies
Ex. Wolves: Family system, have an alpha and only those mate (stops inbreeding)
Mammalian Social Organization: Group Mobility (1)
- Movement can mess with social structure
- Precotial also essential
Mammalian Social Organization: Fecundity + Longevity (3)
- Can effect mobility too
- # of young per female will slow em down
- R vs. K Selected species
Mammalian Social Organization: Other Ecological Factors (5)
- Food
- Space
- Climate
Stability factors essential (if there is stable factors or not)
Ex. Wolves: bad weather = more social system
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: (3)
Sociability
Sexual strategies (mating systems can often determine social systems)
Territoriality
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Eusocial sociality (4)
This is most often an insect thing that occurs:
- Dedicated roles for individuals
- Physiologies even vary between roles
Ex. Naked Mole Rats
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Polygyny sociality (2)
- Male with Access to Females
- A harem
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Ephemeral sociality (2)
- Only aggregate when necessary (for water)
- Ex. Giraffes
Why live in different groups (6)
- Protection (heat, predatory)
- Mate Location
- Resource procurement
- Division of labour
- Culture/ learning
- Population regulation
Advantages of group living: Protection (5)
-Physical Factors (warmth)
Ex. Flying Squirrels and Dear Mice in Winter
- Predation:
- Safety in numbers
- Ex. Musk Ox: protect young in middle
Advantages of group living: Division of labour (2)
- Eusocial, but can be otherwise
- Ranks or status (alloparental care)
Advantages of group living: Population Regulation (3)
- When in fixed groups the size can be regulated
- Too big can lead to strains
- Alphas kill other pups
- Less competition
Disadvantages of group living (3)
- Increased competition for resources
- Increased risk for disease, etc..
- Interference with reproduction
Social Carnivores: Advantages/ disadvantages of groups
-Cooperative hunting: Can tackle large prey,
hunt for long time (harassment) (Ex. Coyotes)
David Mech: Elismere Island Wolves
- Wolves on Elsmere Island have nuclear families
- Was pushing the idea of role, not a rank
Social Role Theory by Bernstein (2)
- Each individual has a social function (some division of labour)
- Comes from observation that not all differences between individuals in a group are not determined by competition
Not All are different due to competition (maybe roles instead)
Social Role Theory: Polyethism (2)
- multiple behaviours/ habits
- Animals will express different behaviours in a group
Social Role Theory: Roles (4)
Based on:
- Age
- Sex
- Rank (where they are on the group)
- Castes can also distribute roles
Social Role Theory: Role Profiles in Vervet Monkeys (7)
7 behaviours seen by the monkeys:
- Jumping
- Territorial chasing
- Look out
- Friendly approach
- Social Focus
- Leading group movements
- Punishing
Social Role Theory: Group vs. Kin Selection (3)
Group Selection: works with social role theory
Kin Selection: Does not work (this does not explain individual behaviours within groups_
- Kin works well with Role Theory
Agonism (4)
- A continuum of flight vs. fight
- Attack to escape with in betweens
- Threat: Loud, big
- Appeasement: quiet, smaller
-Exception: Bats (high vocalizations mean opposite)
Agonistic Behaviours (4)
- Hierarchy of behavioural patterns (aggression to submission)
- Not always reciprocal
- Species specific rules
- Can be movement, vocalization, scent-marking
Aggression (def’n)
- Behaviour intended to inflict damage or fear on another
- Aggression is an act (noticeable)
Aggressiveness (4)
- A predisposition
- Genetic
- Hugely Nature Vs. Nurture
- Not aggression
What causes aggressiveness (3)
- Fear/ Anxiety
- Frustration
- Overreaction to Threats
Submission (def’n)
behaviour intended to appease in order to avoid/escape aggression
Submissiveness (2)
Predisposition
Genetic
Like aggressiveness really
Submissiveness: Squat urination (3)
- If Alpha: Raised leg urination
- If submissive: Squat urination
- DOES NOT DETERMINE SEX OF DOG
Other Agonistic Behaviours (2)
Ignoring
Freezing: Not sure what to do (possibly very scared)
Dimensions of Agonistic Behaviour (4)
Form: what is the pattern/ looks like (Ethologist)
Cause: what regulates (often Neuro-science)
Function: Reasons (sociobiologists)
Consequences: what effect (All groups)
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour (2)
Dispositional: individual factors (personality, genetic, etc..) that cause agonistic behaviours
Situational: Contextual reactions
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors (6)
- Food
- Mates
- Progeny
- Shelters
- Territories
- Competition for non- resources
Rank/ Status roles?
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors, why? (2)
De Waal (1)
- Extremely contextual
- May try to take over if they can
- Ex. Chimp with Canister: Could scare and have power over others by scaring them (the chimp was an omega)
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour (3)
Conative
Affective
COgnitive
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Conative (2)
Motivational factors
- Very Contextual
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Affective (2)
Social factors (emotions, etc...) - Other reasons (dislike)
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Cognitive (3)
- Perceptual and decisional factors
- Social intelligence
- Strategy, detect opportunities
Socio-cognitive Aspect of Dominance: Requirements (2)
Sorts of cognitive abilities needed:
- Individual recognition and necessary social information processing (must recognize people) May not be necessary but definitely occurs if it can happen
- Interactional learning: Learning from previous social experience
Where can Dominance Hierarchies occur?
Can occur in lower order species
- Crayfish
- Large brained organisms
Aggression: Types (2)
Overt: Trying to kill
Covert: Threaten really
Barnett & Aggression (3)
Just wanted to talk about the behaviour
(not put motive, likely animal does not know)
Wanted to talk about how the behaviour effected the other
Treptic Behaviours (3)
characterized by approach or withdrawal
Apotreptic
Epitreptic
Treptic Behaviours: Apotreptic (1)
Causes conspecific to withdrawal (threaten)
To avoid conflict via defending self, not run away
Treptic Behaviours: Epitrptic (1)
Causes conspecifics to approach (submit)
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Berkowitz (2)
Hostile: anger, frustration
Instrumental: strategy
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Zillman (2)
Annoyance-motivated
Incentive-motivated: need something (food, etc…)
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Dodge & Coie (2)
Reactive : anger, frustration
Proactive: Kill and eat (need food)
Offensive Vs. Defensive Aggression (2)
Offensive aggression: Initial aggression (to defend), to get something, it is unprovoked
Defensive Aggression: Occurs out of fear , it is reciprocation
Redirected Aggression (2)
-Frustration comes out as aggression on someone else
Ex. Rat in a Skinner Box: Teach it to get food, now stop it and they attack because of frustration
Predatory Behaviour (5)
Not considered aggression really
It is very different
- It is self stimulation
- Often more calm
- No effect on amphetamines
- Librium increases
All are opposite in other aggression
Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective (3)
- Intra Sexual Aggression: Often Male-Male
- Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression
- Irritable aggression or frustration-induced
Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective: Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression (2)
- In the Amygdala
- Fight or flight
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance (4)
- Based on game theory
- Hawk-Dove Game
- War of Attrition game
- Sequential Assessment Game
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (5)
Two styles of social interaction
Hawk type: always the aggressor (risk taker)
Dove- type: Retreat/ run away (often bluff)
Bourgeois: If territorial act as the hawk
Anti-Bourgeois: Act as dove when territorial
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (Bourgeois, anti-bourgeois) (2)
- Sub strategy
- Often used these based on competition
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: War of Attrition Game (3)
-More flexible model
- Assumes: The contest length is based on the value of what you are fighting for
- Must also assume animals understand the risks
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game (3)
- Continual assessment during segments of interaction
- Fight, pause, assess, continue
- Start with least dangerous behaviour first and continue getting more aggressive (always re-assessing)
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game, the pros of the model (3)
- Scientist can predict outcome
- Full fighting sequence looked at
- Can ID give-up thresholds (when animals find its too much)
Winner Effect (2)
Winning predicts more wins
- Pumps up androgens
Loser Effect (3)
Losing predicts more losing
- More gluccocordicoids
- Could be cortisol or corticosterone (species specific)
Stress hormone route (2)
HPA axis to the APG axis
-HPA suppresses androgens, etc..
Bystander effect (2)
Learning by observing future opponents
-Learn about who you may eventually fight with
Audience Effect
Individuals watching can change/ adjust their behaviours
Behaviour changed by attendance of others
Typologies of Aggression: How to look at Aggression really (2)
Causal: Aggression is a response to a stimulus
Functional: Aggression is a solution to a problem
Typologies of Aggression: Functional
Proximate: get more food, mates, etc…
- Looks at the behaviours/ interactions
Ultimate: Reproductive/ immune suppression
- Looks more at the neuroscience, genes, etc…
Typologies of Aggression: Archer 88
Based on Functional Aggression
3 types of aggression:
- Protective (protect self)
- Parental (protect young)
- Competitive
Typologies of Aggression: Moyer (8)
Predatory Intermale Fear-induced Irritable Sex-related: Similar to intermale Parental Instrumental (AKA proactive, non emotional aggression) Territorial: Under sex related now
Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (3)
Interspecific: Aggression between species (Defence)
Intraspecific: Within species
Indiscriminate: reactive
Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (new) (2)
Direct Aggression: Intent to hurt (offensive, defensive, irritable)
Indirect: Intent to be aggressive
- Displays
Typologies of Aggression: Wilson (6)
Territorial Dominance Sexual Predatory Antipredatory Parent-Offspring
Environmental variables on Aggression (2)
Developmental effects: Prenatal and perinatal influences (external stress can mess with this)
Learning and experience: Essential to normal behaviour
Nature first, second is nurture
Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies (3)
Frequency: amount of fights
Duration
Intensity
Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Structure and Dynamics (4)
Stability of group
Size of group
Individuals involved
Availability of resources
Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Criteria for them (2)
- Must be asymmetrical
(cannot be circular) - Can be same rank too
Hierarchies in Mammals
9 / 19 groups have them
Types of Hierarchies (3)
Species-specific: Some have huge hierarchies others you cannot tell
Resource specific : very dependent on the resources
Population specific : cultural (some pops do, others dont)
Advantages of Hierarchies (2)
Simplicity
Stability