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PSYO 2160 > Midterm One > Flashcards

Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

Taxon

A

Taxonomical unit

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2
Q

Taxonomy (3)

A

AKA Systematics,
theory/ technique of naming
describing
classifying organisms

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3
Q

Taxonomic ‘classes’

A

Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, species

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4
Q

Vertebrate Taxonomy (3)

A

chordata, craniata, vertebrata

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5
Q

list of Amniotic classes

A

Reptiles, birds, mammals

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6
Q

Amniote def’n

A

Hard shell, or gestation sac

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7
Q

Anamniotic classes

A

Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans

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8
Q

Anamniote Def’n

A

Soft shell (porous)

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9
Q

Homeothermic organisms

A

Birds, Mammals

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10
Q

Pilkiothermic Organisms

A

Reptiles, Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans

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11
Q

Sauropsida (+ the other name)

A

Diapsida, Birds + Reptiles

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12
Q

Squamata

A

Snakes + Lizards

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13
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Squamata + Sphenodontida

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14
Q

Ancestral divergence of major classes

A

Fish to Amphibians to Ancestral Reptiles To split
One: Mammals diverged
Two: Modern Reptiles + Birds

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15
Q

Amphibian Orders

A

Anoura: Frogs + Toads
Urodela: Salamander
Gymnophiona: Worm-like ‘caecilians’

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16
Q

Amphibian Ancestry

A

Lungfish

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17
Q

Reptilian orders

A

Chelonia: Turtles
Lepidosauria: Squamata + Rhynchocephalia (Tuataras)
Archosauria: Crocodiles, etc…

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18
Q

Mammalian subclasses

A

Prototheria: Echidna + Platypus, egg-laying mammals
Metatheria: Marsupials
Eutheria: Placentals

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19
Q

Mammalian Skull Type

A

Synapsid

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20
Q

Eutheria perspectives: Primates

A

Former: Prosimii + Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea: Platyrhini (new world monkeys) + Caterhinii (old word monkeys

New Perspective: Strepsirhini (nocturnal) + Haplorhini (modern)

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21
Q

Eutheria Perspectives: Carnivora

A

Former: Pinnipeds + Fissipeds

Modern: Dog-like + Cat-like

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22
Q

Eutheria Prospective: Rodentia

A

Former: Mouse-like+ Squirrel-like + Porcupine-like

Modern: Mouse-like & squirrel-like + Porcupine-like

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23
Q

Animal Behaviour: Study Interests (4)

A
  • Interests in Taxon
  • Interest in Patterns
  • Interest in processes
  • Interest in more broad questions (development)
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24
Q

Animal Behaviour Approaches (3)

A
  • Conceptual Approaches: how processes work
  • Empirical Approaches: Experimental
  • Theoretical Approaches: theory (mathematical)
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25
Q

Tinbergen legs of Animal Behaviour

A

Immediate causation, mechanisms
Evolution
Function
Development

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26
Q

Biological questions (2 approaches)

A

Proximal: Look at here and now (physiological, cognitive, social) (How)

Distal: Looks at how organisms got there (evolution, ancestral) (why)

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27
Q

Sub-categotes of biological questions (2)

A

Proximate: Causation and development (How)

Ultimate: Evolution and Function (why)

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28
Q

Dimensions of Analysis (12)

A

How things can interact:

Ecosystem, inter-species, species, population, group, pair, individual, system, organ, tissue, cell, molecular

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29
Q

Dimension of Analysis: 4 ways to look at these

A
  • control mechanisms/ immediate causation (sensory, motor, endocrine, cognition
  • Development + Genetics
  • Evolution/ Phylogeny (history)
  • Function/ Development (shaping of behaviour)
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30
Q

Fields in Animal Behaviour (3+*)

A

Psychology
Biology
Anthropology (primatology)
Peripheral Interests (social science, neuroscience, computer science)

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31
Q

Animal Behaviour Applications

A 
Animal training
aquaculture/ zootech
animal science
Veterinary
Pet therapy
conservation
pest control
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32
Q

Comparative Psychology

A

animal behaviour form a psychological perspective

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33
Q

Comparative Psychology: focus (5)

A 
physiology
development
Social behaviour
animal learning 
cognition
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34
Q

Comparative Psychology: How to study Animal Behaviour (3)

A

Experimental method
lab studies
hypothetico-deductive approach

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35
Q

Ethology Def’n

A

systematic, direct observation and description of animal behaviour in natural or semi-natural environments

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36
Q

Ethology: Focus (3)

A

Innate behaviours
species-specific behaviours
Patterns

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37
Q

Ethology: Criticisms (2)

A

Neglect covert processes (more complex) ie. it simplifies

No experimental controls

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38
Q

Ethology: Approaches (2)

A

Inductive: Observation and theory making
Idiographic: Small research/ case studies, generalize based on few observations

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39
Q

Sociobiology Creator

A

EO Wilson

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40
Q

Sociobiology: Focus (3*)

A

Using evolutionary Biology:
Ecology
Genetics
Population biology

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41
Q

Sociobiology: Similarities (2)

A

Hybrid to Ethology

Overlap with Behavioural Ecology ( sometimes a sub-category)

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42
Q

Behavioural ecology Def’n

A

Look at values of behaviours for survival

huge focus on survival

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43
Q

Behavioural Ecology: Areas of Study (5)

A 
Energy budget 
Interaction between social behaviour and habitat
foraging strategies
Reproductive strategies
Game Theory model
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44
Q

Ethology Vs. Behavioural Ecology: differences in study

A

Behavioural: strategies and environment
Ethology: tactics, behaviour/actions (more mechanistic)

45
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) : Def’n, stimulation

A

Innate actions with a specific pattern that occur in a variety of organisms (each species with specific FAPs)
Stimulation can be internal or an external stimulus (a trigger and often specific), action never varies
All or nothing action: once commenced it cannot stop

46
Q

Reflex vs. FAPs

A

Reflex: sensory input causes a motor output

FAP: Sensory input, combined with central input causes a pattern

47
Q

FAPs: More advanced versions

A

MAPs + Action Sequences

FAPs are more simplistic versions

48
Q

Action Sequence (3)

A

complex
much less innate (can be stopped or paused)
Predictable (most of the time)

49
Q

Hoarding & Caching (2 Types)

A

Larder: Hoarding close to home
Scatter: All over

This is an action dog-like carnivores do, will occur very predictably but often can be in strange cases (when there is no dirt)

50
Q

Hoarding & Caching: Steps (3)

A

Carry + Site Inspection
Pawing + Digging
Tamping + Scooping

51
Q

Vole FAPs

A

Cleaning is an FAP

Will not stop even when predator stimulus is present

52
Q

FAPs and Evolution

A

More FAPs does not indicate less evolution

53
Q

FAPs: Pros + Cons

A

Advantages: Simple automated actions are simple

Disadvantages: can be wasteful (energy + time)

54
Q

Issues with FAPs (3)

A

How innate/ instinctual are they?
Predictability: FAPs must adhere to rules due to predictability (known as syntax)
Context: occurs for specific reasons (Semantics)

55
Q

Observational Research: Issues (2)

A

Bias or misinterpretation if guess behavioural action

Bias when recording

56
Q

Observational Research: Issues (3 fancy words)

A

Amphibologic: Behaviour/ categories ambiguous (context of an action is essential to come up with a theory, etc…
Autochthonous: Behaviour activated by own drive
Allochthonous: Not activated by drive (done but does not help survival, like play)

57
Q

Observational Research: Issues (2 examples)

A

Differential observability: Individuals, groups, species, etc… not being observed equally (some are being seen more than others, maybe some hiding)

Identification of subjects: sometimes very hard (cant be sexed, etc…)

58
Q

Field Vs. Lab Research: Pros/ Cons (5)

A 
Field:
Ecological validity
Cannot control variables 
Cannot control subjects
No environmental control 
No control of daily actions (timing, access, schedules, etc..)

In the lab it is exactly opposite

59
Q

Comparative Studies: Def’n

A

Focus on explicit trait comparisons (between two groups)
between species, genera, taxa, etc….
Often compare adaptive behaviours

60
Q

Comparative Studies: Methods (4)

A

Correlational
Experimental
Observational
Hybrid

61
Q

Comparative Studies: How to compare and contrast (2 terms)

A

Convergence: Homology (ancestral link)

Divergence: Homoplasy/analogy (no ancestral link)

62
Q

Comparative Studies: Approaches (3)

A

Evolutionary: Assume ancestry and focus on homology (taxonomical tool)
Non-Evolutionary: Assume analogous and explore behaviour across species (study Reproductive isolating mechanisms)
August-Krogh Principle: Use an organism and an example (solve/ question common issue using model organisms)
(woodpecker + concussions or Sharks+ Cancer)

63
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (5)

A 
Chromosomal (wrong numbers) 
Mechanical (size issues) 
Bio-rhythmical (mating seasons off)
Ecological (different habitats)
Behavioural (cannot recognize specific mate-recognition systems)
64
Q

Comparative Studies: Levels of comparison

A

Genetic: strains, sub-species, breeds
Specific: species, genus, family, super-family (best for homologous studies)
Phyletic: Class, Order, Phylum (best for analogous studies)

65
Q

Evolution: Def’n

A

change in frequency of alleles in population over generations

66
Q

Evolution in Animal Behaviour: Cincepts (3)

A

Natural Selection: Species-level adaptations
Individual Learning: individuals adapting (self-learning)
Cultural Transmission: Social Learning (it is trans-generational)

67
Q

Evidence of Evolution (5)

A 
Molecular Genetics
Anatomy/ Morphology
Embryology 
Biogeography
Palaeontology
68
Q

Size Levels of Evolution (2)

A

Macroevolution: Larger than species level
Microevolution: Gene frequencies

69
Q

Evolutionary Forces: for behaviour (4)

A 
Mutation/ Gene Flow (most often bad/neutral)
Gene flow (Migration of new alleles)
Genetic Drift (Stochastic Events) 
Geographic Isolation (founder effect or bottlenecks)
70
Q

Fitness Def’n

A

Likelihood of survival

71
Q

Adaptation Def’n

A

Changes in a trait due to selection pressure

Dependent on the environment

72
Q

Trait Def’n

A

A characteristic that selection can act upon
Affects reproduction + survival
A non-neutral characteristic

73
Q

Selective Agent Def’n

A

Cause of selective pressure on a trait

74
Q

prerequisite of traits for Natural Selection (4)

A

Variation
Fitness Consequences
Limited Resources
Mode of Inheritance

75
Q

Types of Fitness (3)

A

Direct Fitness
Indirect Fitness
Inclusive Fitness

76
Q

Direct Fitness Def’n

A

Simple Darwinian fitness

better fitness = more reproduction

77
Q

Direct Fitness: Types (3)

A
  • Traits improve survival
  • Correlated traits: genes can help others (ie. pleiotropy, linkage, epistasis)
  • Sexual Selection: Traits affect how mates are chosen (Non-random mating) (Intra-sexual)
78
Q

Indirect Fitness Def’n

A

Conspecific helping behaviour (like ant colony or Naked Mole Rat)

79
Q

Inclusive Fitness Def’n

A

Bit of both (direct and indirect fitness)
Kin Selection
Help with family

80
Q

Species interactions (3)

A

Competition
Cooperation
Symbiosis

81
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

A

Irreplaceable strategy (cannot be improved)

82
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategy

2 types

A

Pure ESS: One strategy for the entire population

Mixed ESS: Multiple strategies for the entire population

83
Q

Types of Selection (3)

A

Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
Group Selection

84
Q

Artificial Selection Def’n

A

Selected by humans

85
Q

Natural Selection Def’n

A

Kin or Sexual Selection

86
Q

Group Selection Def’n

A

Survival via voluntary behaviour

87
Q

Group Levels of Evolution (6)

A 
Gene (selfish gene theory)
Gamete (sperm competition)
Individual (Individual Selection)
mate pairs (Sexual Selection)
Family (Kin Selection)
Group (Group Selection)
88
Q

Products of Evolution (3)

A
  • Adaptation
  • Carried along traits/ by-products
  • Noise/ Random Effects
89
Q

Noise/Random Effects (A product of evolution) (3)

A
  • Chance mutations
  • Environmental Changes
  • Chance Effects
90
Q

Non-Adaptive Traits: How do they stay around? (3)

A
  • Gene Flow
  • Pleiotropy
  • Linkage
  • Epistasis
91
Q

Progressivism Fallacy Def’n

A
  • Most traits adapt over time but they all adapt at different rates
  • Some are extremely slow
92
Q

Purposeivism Fallacy Def’n

A
  • Evolution does not mean complexity
  • simplicity can be better
  • derived not advanced
  • Ancestral not primal
93
Q

Challenges of Natural Selection (5)

A
  • Adoption: Explained via kin selection or hormones)
  • Non-Kin Altruism (reciprocal
  • Homosexual Behaviour (just a fun time, like play)
  • Symbiosis
  • Risk-Taking Behaviour (dun/ shows dominance)
94
Q

Weasel Family

A

Mustelids

95
Q

Mustelid taxonomy

A
  • Mammal
  • Carnivora (Dog-like)
  • Mustelid
96
Q

Mustelid Genera (8)

A
  • Lutra (River Otter)
  • Enhydra (Sea Otter)
  • Martes (Marten + Fisher)
  • Mustela (Weasels + Black-footed Ferret)
  • Neovision (Mink)
  • Taxidea (Badger)
  • Gulo (Wolverine)
  • Mephitus, Conepatus, Spilogale (skunks)
97
Q

Mustelid Characteristics (7)

A
  • Musk Gland
  • Solitary
  • Sexually Dimorphic
  • Delayed implantation
  • Intelligent, aggressive
  • Domesticated
  • Big in Fur Industry
98
Q

Corollary in Mustelids: Def’n

A

Seasonal fur changes

99
Q

Mechanisms for Corollary

A
  • Endocrine system mechanism
  • Hormonal mechanism and related to time of day
  • In spring, days are longer causing high melatonin suppression causing high MSH and gonadotropins to darken fur
100
Q

Cat Family

A

Felids

101
Q

Felid Taxonomy

A

Mammalia

Carnivora (cat-like)

102
Q

Felid Orders (4)

A
  • Ailuroidea
  • Feloidea
  • Feliformia
  • Ailuromorpha
103
Q

Felid Genera (4)

A

Felis (Small cats)
Neofelis (clouded leopard)
Panthera (Big cats)
Acinonyx (Cheetah)

104
Q

North America Felid Species
Mexico/USA (4)
Canada/USA (5)

A 
Mexico/ US:
-Jaguar
-Ocelot
-Margay
-Jaguarundi
Canada/US:
-Cougar
-Puma
-Mountain Lion
-Lynx
-Bobcat
105
Q

Felids: Specialist Vs. Generalist

A

Specialist: Lynx
Generalist: Bobcat

106
Q

Cougar: Location, Habitat, Diet

A
  • West Coast to down to S. America
  • Habitat: Mountain, forest, swamp
  • Diet: Deer, rodents, Hare, etc…
  • Slow Reproduction
107
Q

Canadian Lynx

A

Specialist
Eat Hare
Live in Boreal Forest

108
Q

Bobcat

A

Generalist

Prefer Wooded area + rabbit

PSYO 2160 (4 decks)

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