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MIDTERM TOPICS Flashcards

1
Q

discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by elementary units transmitted between generations in uniform predicatable manner

A

GREGOR MENDEL

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2
Q

Mendelian Principles

A
  • principles of independent segregation
  • principles of independent assortment
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3
Q

states that alleles in one gene pair separate clearly from each other during meiosis

exhibit monohybrid inheritance

A

principles of independent segregation

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4
Q

states that alleles of the different gene pairs separate clearly from each other and randomly combine during fertilization

exhibit dihybrid inheritance

A

principles of independent assortment

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5
Q

condition when one allele marks the expression of other allele

represented by a capital letter

A

dominance

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6
Q

expresses trait or character

A

dominance

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7
Q

allele that does not function when two different alleles are present in an organism

represented by a small letter

A

recessive

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8
Q

hidden traits or character

A

recessive

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9
Q

cells having different alleles at a given locus on homologous chromosome

Hh

A

heterozygous

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10
Q

cell having identical alleles at a given locus on a homologous chromosome

HH, hh

A

homozygous

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11
Q

physical expression of trait/character, physical outlook or organism

A

phenotype

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12
Q

genetic expression of trait/character, genetic makeup

A

genotype

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13
Q

cross between individuals that have different alleles at one gene locus

A

monohybrid inheritance

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14
Q

cross with only 1 trait

A

complete dominance

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15
Q

cross with 2 traits

A

incomplete dominance

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16
Q

Most common incomplete dominance

A
  • tay-sach’s disease
  • sickle cell disease
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17
Q

homozygosity for a recessive allele

A

tay-sach’s disease

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18
Q

failure to produce an enzyme hexosaminidase A

A

tay-sach’s disease

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19
Q

paralysis and degeneration of the retina

A

Tay-sach’s disease

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20
Q

death before age of 4

A

tay-sach’s disease

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21
Q

no treatment

A

tay-sach’s disease

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22
Q

caused by incompletely dominant alleles

A

sickle cell disease

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23
Q

caused by single nucleotide mutation resulting to abnormal hemoglobin

A

sickle cell disease

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24
Q

the cells can result in clumping and can interfere with blood circulation leading to local failures in blood supply

A

sickle cell disease

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25
will result in damage to the heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, joints, and brain
sickle cell disease
26
relationship of the alleles such that the phenotype of the heterozygote shows the individual expressions of each allele
co-dominance
27
two alleles affect the phenotype in separate and distinguishable ways
co-dominance
28
neither allele can mask the other and both are expressed in the offspring and not in the intermediate form
co-dominance
29
example of co-dominance
MNSs blood group system
30
the only recessive blood type
type O
31
what gene do we assume that a blood type has
heterozygous
32
what do we always use in determining the possibble blood type of an offspring
AO,BO
33
biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism
sex determination system
34
how many pairs of homologous chromosome do we have?
23
35
how many pairs of autosome/non sex chromosome do we have?
22
36
how many pair of sex chromosome do we have?
1
37
sex of an individual is determined by:
X and Y chromosomes
38
inactive, densely stain condensed X chromosome located near the nuclear membrane in nuclei of somatic cells of XX females
barr body
39
medium sized type of sex chromosome
X
40
small size type of sex chromosome
Y
41
medium length type of sex chromosome
X
42
average length type of sex chromosome
Y
43
this sex chromosome is sub-metacentric
X
44
this sex chromosome is acrocentric
Y
45
the centromere of this chromosome is nearly central
X
46
the centromere of this sex chromosome is nearly terminal
Y
47
this sex chromosome does not have a banding
X
48
the type of banding Y chromosome has
fluorescent banding
49
has something to do with the nature of the chromosome
genetic sex
50
refers to the reproductive tissues and glands
gonadal sex
51
refers to the development of the genitalia and hormanal influence
genital sex
52
refers to the development of secondary sex characteristics which are influenced by hormones
somatic sex
53
refers to the attitude
sociophysiological sex
54
genetic characteristics determined by genes, which are located on the sex chromosome
sex linked traits
55
genes that are found on the sex chromosomes
sex linked genes
56
if a gene is located on y chromosome
Y-linked gene
57
genes only inherited by males
Y-linked gene
58
genes found on X chromosome
X-linked gene
59
can be inherited by both males and females
X-linked gene
60
the trait is transmitted by the mother to the son
X-linked recessive trait
61
expressed in males
X-linked recessive traits
62
Forms of X-linked recessive trait
* hemophilia * color blindness * albinism * G6PD * Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome * Ectodermal Dysphasia (anhidrotic) * Angiokeratoma (Fabry's disease) * Menke's Syndrome * Muscular Dystrophy * Retinitis Pigmentosa * Ichtyosis * Hunter's Syndrome
63
blood disorder in which certain blood clotting factors are not produced
hemophilia
64
result in excessive bleeding that can damage the organs and tissues
hemophilia
65
inability to form a blood clot due to lack of clotting factor 8
hemophilia A
66
characterized by the absence of clotting factor 9
hemophilia B
67
affected person is insensitive to red light about 25-45%
protan color blindness
68
the person is insensitive to green light about 60-75%
Deutan color blindness
69
trait is transmitted by father to his daughter
X-linked dominant trait
70
phenotype is expressed in both males and females who have an X chromosome that contains abnormal gene
X-linked dominant trait
71
refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome
X-linked dominant trait
72
traits that can only be inherited by the sons, never by the daughters
Y-linked traits
73
father to son transmission of trait
holandric genes
74
Most common Y-linked traits in human
* porcupine man * webbed toes * hypertichosis of the ears
75
a man in which the whole body is covered with rough, bristly scales (except soles, palms, head and face)
porcupine man
76
characterized by web-like connection between second and third toe
webbed toes
77
conspicuous growth of hair on the outer rim of the ears
hypertichosis of the ears
78
human traits that do not fall under the category of X and Y linked are considered sex limited and sex influenced genes
sex linked genes
79
inherited by both men and women but are normally expressed only in the phenotype of one of them
sex limited genes
80
pre existing dominance relationship between alleles that are altered according to the sex of the individual
sex influenced genes

CYTOGENETICS (5 decks)

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