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Mental Health 1CC3 > Midterm (test 1 info also included!) > Flashcards

Midterm (test 1 info also included!) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

A

Fear: a response to real and present danger
Anxiety: apprehension about anticipated events

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2
Q

What is the Halo Effect?`

A

The idea that someones anxiety surrounds them (like a halo), changing the way they view things

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3
Q

Why does anxiety usually do more harm than good?

A

It becomes so overpowering that it impacts a person’s ability to live a normal life

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4
Q

What are Neuroses?

A

“Emotional disturbance with awareness”

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5
Q

What do the different anxiety disorders share?

A

A core system: intense worry disproportionate to actual environmental danger

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6
Q

When did anxiety become a disorder seperate from neuroses?

A

DSM-III

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7
Q

What is Panic Disorder?

A

A disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

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8
Q

How long does a panic attack typically last?

A

10 mins

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9
Q

What does a panic attack feel like?

A

Physical symptoms: pounding heart, sweating, shaking, chest pain, nausea, feeling faint
Mentally: feeling of derealization (unreality), depersonalization (detachment from oneself)

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10
Q

What might a person do if they are obsessively worrying about having another panic attack?

A

Avoidance Strategies

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11
Q

Do avoidance strategies work?

A

Yes, avoiding the source of anxiety often works… HOWEVER this causes problems in their everyday life, because you can’t always avoid the things that cause anxiety

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12
Q

What is Specific (simple) Phobia?

A

When you experience persistent, excessive, narrowly defined fears associated with a specific object or situation
- must always occur when exposed to the source

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13
Q

What is Agorophobia?

A

A type of specific phobia: the extreme fear of situations where escape is difficult or embarassing

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14
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder? (social phobia)

A

The fear of being humiliated or embarassed in front of people… focusses on performance and interpersonal interactions

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15
Q

What are some possible explanations for why there is an increased number of diagnoses of social anxiety disorder?

A
  • each new version of the DSM expands the criteria to be more inclusive
  • the definition of “mentally ill” is being loosened
  • over-medicalization
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16
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Distress and impairment in occupational or social functioning
- worries are contantly changing, sometimes have no clear source

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17
Q

Why is GAD so controversial?

A
  • what makes worries clinical vs rational, everyday?
  • lower diagnostic reliability
  • stereotypes: more common in women
  • overlap with other disorders… is it distinct?
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18
Q

Where does anxiety come from? (possible explanations)

A
  • evolution
  • freud
  • behavioural
  • life events
  • genetics
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19
Q

What types of behavioural treatments are there?

A
  • exposure therapy
  • situational desensitization
  • relaxation technique
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20
Q

What types of drug therapy have been used to treat anxiety?

A
  • anxiolytics: work immediately but lose effect over time, known for being addictive
  • SSRI’s: antidepressants, percieved as safer
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21
Q

What is the rate of comorbidity between anxiety disorders?

A

50% of people who meet criteria for one disorder also meet the criteria for another

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22
Q

What other disorders have a high degree of comorbidity?

A

Anxiety and Mood Disorders

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23
Q

When were OCD and PTSD removed from the anxiety disorder category to be seen as distinct disorders?

A

DSM-V

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24
Q

What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?

A

(PTSD) - when a person is exposed to a traumatic event, which essentially comes “back to haunt them” long after it is over

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25
Q

What was PTSD originally called?

A

First “shell shock”, then “combat fatigue”, then PTSD

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26
Q

Who is a likely candidate for PTSD?

A

War veterans, victims of violence, industrial workers who have experienced an accident

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27
Q

What are the 4 symptom clusters of PTSD?

A
  • Re-experiencing
  • Avoidance
  • Arousal
  • Negative Cognitions and Moods
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28
Q

What is “re-experiencing”?

A

“Dissociative” flashbacks, which can be triggered by past psycho/physiological distress

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29
Q

What is “avoidance”?

A

Avoiding the stimuli/social situations that could be associated with or trigger PTSD thoughts

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30
Q

What is “arousal”?

A
  • increased arousal/anxiety
  • trouble sleeping
  • angry outbursts
  • reckless behaviour
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31
Q

What are “negative cognitions and moods”?

A
  • inability to recall details from the event
  • isolation, disinterest
  • feelings of worthlessness, fear, horror, anger, shame
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32
Q

When and how did PTSD get included in the DSM?

A

It was added to DSM-II, due to social pressure

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33
Q

Why were governments reluctant to accept PTSD as a psychological disorder?

A
  • soldiers no longer seen as heros

- compensation claims

34
Q

Why might the government want to remain PTSD to “post-traumatic stress injury”?

A

The word “injury” sounds like something that can heal/go away

35
Q

What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

A

(OCD) - someone who exhibits either obsessions or compulsions, or both

36
Q

What are Obsessions?

A

Intrusive or recurring thoughts, impulses, or images that a person tries to eliminate but cannot, or has extreme difficulty doing so

37
Q

How do obsessions differ from worry?

A
  • they are extreme worries… that something horrific will happen
  • they are triggered out of the blue
38
Q

What are “Compulsions”?

A

Thoughts or actions that provide relief and suppress obsessions
- attempts to control the anxiety

39
Q

What are the two types of compulsions?

A
  • Checking behaviours: “I know I left the stove on!”

- Cleaning rituals

40
Q

Why does the DSM state that these obsessive/anxious thoughts can’t be based in real life problems?

A

Because those thoughts are regular and healthy for living day to day life…
- obsessions must be excessive and completely unreasonable

41
Q

What is Hoarding Disorder?

A

Persistent distress discarding possessions due to perceived need

42
Q

What is Excoriation?

A

Skin-picking disorder

43
Q

What is Trichotillomania?

A

Hair-pulling disorder

44
Q

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A

An obsession about a specific part or thing about their body

45
Q

What replaced Hypochondriasis in DSM-V?

A

Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder

46
Q

What is SSD?

A

When at least one chronic somatic symptom causes excessive preoccupation

47
Q

What is IAD?

A

When a person has anxiety over potential undiagnosed illness, does obsessive research, and cannot be reassured by physicians

48
Q

What does OCD have comorbidity with?

A

Anxiety and Depression…

- OCD and anxiety responsd to the same treatment

49
Q

Why does the categorization of different disorders matter?

A
  • categorization affects how the disorder is understood and treated
  • issues of stigma
  • issues of identity
  • stereotypes
50
Q

What is an eating disorder?

A

A severe disturbance in eating that results from the sufferer’s obsessive fear of gaining weight

51
Q

What is the oldest known eating disorder?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

52
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Extreme emaciation - refusal to maintain 85% of “normal” weight

53
Q

What is Amenorrhea?

A

When a woman stops menstruating due to deprived nutrition.

54
Q

What are some side effects of AN?

A
  • sexual difficulites and disinterest
  • lack of impulse control
  • health problems
55
Q

What does AN have a high comorbidity with?

A

OCD, Depression

56
Q

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

A

Repeated episodes of binge eating, followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviours.

57
Q

What is compensating (in terms of BN)?

A

vomiting, taking laxatives, exercising

58
Q

What characterizes an eating binge?

A

Eating an inappropriate amount, lack of control

59
Q

What does BN have comorbidity with?

A

Depression, anxiety, BPD, substance abuse

60
Q

What are some medical issues associated with BN?

A
  • erosion of tooth enamel
  • hyper-developed gag reflex
  • a rupture of the stomach/esophagus
61
Q

Compare AN/BN: Eating habits

A

AN: extreme diet
BN: binge eating/compensatory action

62
Q

Compare AN/BN: Weight

A

AN: below normal weight range
BN: within normal weight

63
Q

Compare AN/BN: Control

A

AN: rigid self-control
BN: lack of control

64
Q

Compare AN/BN: Awareness

A

AN: denial of disorder
BN: aware of disorder

65
Q

Compare AN/BN: Pride

A

AN: proud of diet
BN: ashamed of disorder

66
Q

What is NOS? (not otherwise specified)

A

A general eating disorder, for those that do not perfectly fall into more specific categories

67
Q

What is Binge Eating Disorder?

A

Recurring episodes of eating far more food than an average person would eat in short periods of time

68
Q

What demographic does Binge Eating Disorder typical affect?

A

Middle aged men and women

69
Q

What are some criticisms of Binge Eating Disorder?

A
  • argument that it is a cultural phenomenon

- subjective: one person’s binge is another person’s normal calory intake

70
Q

What are some possible explanations for AN/BN?

A
  • social/beauty standards set by the media
  • family: can be controling, young girls find food all that they can control
  • evolutionary: when women eat less, they are seen as less fertile and therefore it is a sign that they do not want a mate
  • psychological (bruch): control
71
Q

What is the Montreux Clinic?

A
  • a clinic founded by Peggy Claude-Pierre in Victoria BC, claimed to heal anorexic patients with only “unconditional love”
72
Q

What was wrong with the Montreux Clinic?

A
  • government investigations discovered that none of it’s success claims were validated
  • possibilities that the staff were uncertified
  • abuse of patients
73
Q

What gender are AN and BN more likely in?

A

Women

74
Q

Why are eating disorders more prevalent in Western Society?

A
  • food is prevalent, so avoiding it seen as strong

- culture promotes skinny beauty

75
Q

Why are men less likely to be diagnosed with an ED?

A
  • they have a higher threshold for “thin”
  • they are less likely to realize the problem
  • they may not report it, seeing EDs as feminine
76
Q

What groups of men are more likely to have an ED than the rest?

A
  • wrestlers
  • homosexuals
  • those with a history of obesity
77
Q

What are Pro Ana and Pro Mia groups?

A

Online communities who argue that these issues are not disorders but lifestyle choices

78
Q

What is wannarexia?

A

A term used by those with EDs against those who are trying to develop the disorder: wanna be anorexics

79
Q

Why are EDs different than Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A

BDD is categorized along with OCD disorders… BDD does not necessarily have to do with weight
- however it is closely related

80
Q

What is Orthorexia?

A

An obsession with eating cleanly/healthily

81
Q

Is orthorexia a disorder?

A

No! It’s a cultural term, but it is moving towards being classified as a mental disorder

Mental Health 1CC3 (3 decks)

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