Midterm Studying Part 4 Flashcards
Royal Proclamation (1763)
Recognized Aboriginal claims to land
British North American Act (1867)
Federal government control of land
Five Treaties (1871-1875)
Ontario, Saskatchewan, Quebec
Indian Act (1876)
Wards of Government
When did residential schools open
1870s
What is the Northwest rebellion?
Unsuccessful uprising of by metis people of sask under Louis Riel. Some groups fought randomly and not for Metis grievances.
Changes to Indian Act (1951)
Removes discriminatory rules (Consumption of alcohol ban removed)
Right to Vote in Federal Election in what year?
1960
The White Paper (1969)
Eliminate reserves, end status of Indians, eliminate Federal and Provincial responsibility
Calder Case (1973)
Indigenous rights to land exist
James Bay Agreement (1975)
Opens way for new hydro projects
Inuvialuit Claims Settlement Act (1984)
The Inuit of the western Arctic control over resources.
Extending Formal Indian Status (1985)
People get their status back for changing to Metis, disenfranchised people living off reserve land, woman who married a non-indigenous man.
Oka Crisis (1990):
Land claims; Golf course on traditional burial ground
Royal Commission on Aboriginal People in what year?
1996
Nunavut created in Western Arctic (1999)
Lands set aside where Inuit can live, hunt and control sub-surface resources.
Nisaga’a Treaty (2000)
Government gives tribe $196 Million over 15 years with self-government and control of resources in northwest British Columbia
Kelowna Accord (2005)
Spend $5 billion over 5 years improving education, health care, living conditions. (Never implemented)
Declaration of Rights of Indigenous People (2007)
Canada didn’t sign until 2010 but only as a non-legally binding document.
Apology over Residential Schools (2008)
Stephen harper apologized on behalf of Canada.
Winter Housing Crisis (2011)
Ontario community (Attiwapiskat) gets nationals attention on living conditions.
Summit Meeting for First Nations Chiefs in what year?
2012
TRC in what year?
2015
What is the central question in RCAP?
What are the foundations of a fair and honorable relationship between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people of Canada?
What is the conclusion to the central question in RCAP?
The main policy direction, pursued for more than 150 years, first by colonial then by Canadian governments, has been wrong.
What are some recommendations from RCAP?
How aboriginal people can become self-determined, gain better health status, and improve relationships and equity between themselves and non-aboriginal people.
Dominant theme: Aboriginal peoples need to exercise their autonomy and structure their solutions
Self Determination
The right of self-determination is vested in all the Aboriginal peoples of Canada.
The right finds its foundation in emerging norms of international law and basic principles of public morality.
Aboriginal peoples are entitled to negotiate freely the terms of their relationship with Canada and to establish governmental structures appropriate for their needs
Aboriginal, federal, provincial and territorial governments, in developing policy to support health, acknowledge the common understanding of the determinants of health found in Aboriginal traditions and health sciences and endorse the fundamental importance of:
Holism
Equity
Control
Diversity
What is holism?
Attention to whole persons in their environment
What is equity?
Equitable access to achieving health and equality of outcomes in health status
What is control?
By Aboriginal people of the lifestyle choices, institutional services and environmental conditions that support health
What is diversity?
Accommodation of the cultures and histories of First Nations, Inuit and Métis people that make them distinctive within Canadian society and that distinguish them from one another
“Strategy for Health and Healing”
Reorganization of existing health and social services into a system of health and healing centers and healing lodges, under Aboriginal control.
Program over 10 years to educate and train Aboriginal people to staff and manage health / social services at all levels, in Aboriginal communities and mainstream institutions
Adaptation of mainstream services to accommodate Aboriginal people as clients and as full participants in decision making
Community infrastructure program to deal with urgent problems of housing, clean water, and waste management
“Recommendations for Health and Healing”
Recognition of health of a people as a core area for the exercise of self-government by Aboriginal nations.
Develop a framework that agencies mandated by Aboriginal governments can deliver health and social services under provincial or territorial jurisdiction
Adapt FPT legislation, regulations and funding to promote integrated service delivery, collaborative FPT and local efforts in health services, and pooling of resources from FPT, municipal or Aboriginal sources
“Recommendations for Health and Healing Part 2”
Develop healing centres and lodges under Aboriginal control, in both rural and urban settings on an equitable basis that meet the needs of Aboriginal populations
Formation of regional Aboriginal planning bodies in new areas to promote equitable access to appropriate services and strategic deployment of resources.
Develop a comprehensive human resources development strategy
FPT commitment train 10,000 Aboriginal professionals over a ten-year period in health and social services
Cooperation to protect / extend the practices of traditional healing and their application to contemporary Aboriginal health and healing problems
“Health and Healing Continued”
The Assembly of FN (AFN) (2006-2011) report card (in addition to the grades provided) noted:
Inadequate funding growth for health programs, capped at 3% for ten years.
New health program funding is often inadequate and only selected communities can benefit from the funds.
Health funding shortfall close to $2 billion is expected over the next five years (2006-2011).
Over two years, individual communities will experience an average gap of 9% in 2006/07 and 14% in 2007/08 between what they will receive in health funding and what is actually needed.
“Implementation of Recommendation”
The cost of failing to fundamentally change federal government policy toward Aboriginal peoples will cost $7.5 billion annually.
This figure included $5.8 billion in lost productivity and the remainder in increased remedial costs due to poor health, greater reliance on social services and similar program expenditures.
“Recap on RCAP”
Extensive community consultation that focused on meaningful recommendations
Many recommendations were rooted in self-determination and control
Almost all of the recommendations supported, and laid the foundation for, strong holistically healthy communities
Recommendations would influence large scale social determinants of health
Limited implementation of the recommendations has occurred in the past 18 years
“Health Inequities”
Inequities affect all Canadians but has greater negative effects on Aboriginal people and people living in poverty
Social Science evidence: The understanding of social structures and power relations suggests that “social injustice is killing people on a grand scale.”
Health inequities are not a problem just of the poor. It is about public policies and political choices and it is the NURSE’s commitments to making these happen.
Even the best health care system in the world will be only one of the ingredients that determine whether your life will be long or short, healthy or sick, full of fulfillment, or empty with despair.
“World Health Organization of Social Determinants of Health”
The conditions in which people live and work directly affect the quality of their health
Global Examples: Bangladesh, Sierra
Leonne, Haiti; 4th World
In Canada, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position = Worse health
“Canada”
Richest Country (top 20) GDP
Biggest world spenders on health care
Issues of poverty, social exclusion, discrimination, poor employment quality, mental health outcomes & youth suicide
Worst record for providing effective social safety net (those that “fall through the cracks”)
Canadian spending in support of families, persons with disabilities, older Canadians, and employment training is among the lowest of the wealthy nations
“Primary Factors that Shape Health”
Where you live Medical treatments or lifestyle choices Affects employment opportunities Choices Education Safety
Canadians Are Largely Unaware That Our Health Is Shaped by
By how income and wealth is distributed, whether or not we are gainfully/meaningfully employed, and the working conditions that we experience.
“Canadian Wellbeing Determinants”
Health and social services
Ability to obtain quality education, food & housing, among other factors imposed upon us
SDoH Factors Determined by the Political Will”
Losing jobs during economic downturns
Determine incomes
Family benefits
Quality and availability of affordable (and healthy) housing
Kinds of health care delivered to marginalized populations
“Health Services”
Provincial systems provide most acute and intensive services for ALL Aboriginal populations like hospital services.
The Federal government provides some health services for on-reserve status First Nations and Inuit communities and Non-Insured Health Benefits
Resembles a collage of public health programs with limited accountability, fragmented delivery and jurisdictional ambiguity”
This funding is not provided for non-status or Métis populations
“Self-Determination / Self-Governance”
Self-Government introduces third approach for First Nations and Inuit Communities to increase control over health programs and services.
First Nations may be entitled to make certain laws governing their community with respect to health.
“Health Governance”
The rationale for Indigenous control of Indigenous health services is clearly laid out in the RCAP
Implementing those recommendations in practice is complicated, with diverse results in diverse Indigenous territories.
“Note for Health Care Professionals”
Note: If understanding which health services are available for Indigenous people is complicated for nurses-in-training, how much more complicated might it be for individuals with less education, or who speak a different language?
Everyone expects their own health care needs to be taken seriously. Without an understanding of health transfer agreements and limitations, restrictions on health services may be seen as arbitrary, unfair, uncaring or discriminatory and you may become the target of frustrations.
The key is to increase and share your knowledge and limitations, develop your compassion and advocacy skills, and ensure you are taking care of yourself. The more you know about how health service funding works, the better you will be able to advocate for patients.
