Midterm Studying Part 1

Question 1

Why Study INHS in Nursing

Answer 1

• Majority of Sask will be Indigenous
• Political Power
• Lower quality of health

Question 2

Define Aboriginal

Answer 2

Generic term defined by the government to identify First Nations, Inuit and Metis people in Canada

Question 3

What is Self- Identification?

Answer 3

Many Indigenous populations have their own Indigenous language-based names for themselves, their Indigenous Nations, tribal organizations, alliances, landmarks, life-ways and people.

Question 4

What are Diverse Communities?

Answer 4

First Nations, Métis and Inuit people totalled 4.3% of the national population were spread over more than 600 communities, with distinctive cultures and languages (11 language groups, 65 dialects).

Question 5

What is Identity?

Answer 5

Shaped by colonial and neo-colonial policy.

Question 6

Define First Nations

Answer 6

First nations is a term that was used to replace “Indian/Band” in the 1980’s. This identity refers to people who are members and retain connections to one or more of the First Nation communities in Canada.

Question 7

What is Status / Treaty?

Answer 7

A legally defined identity embedded within the Indian Act
It refers to all Indigenous people who are the descendants of the Nations that entered into Treaty with the (British) “Crown”

Question 8

What is Metis?

Answer 8

Refers to the mixed blood descendants of European and Indigenous people.

Question 9

What is Inuit?

Answer 9

Culturally and linguistically similar people living in the Arctic regions.

Question 10

What is colonization?

Answer 10

Action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

Question 11

What is post-colonization?

Answer 11

An intellectual direction (also called an “era” or the “post-colonial theory”) that exists since around the middle of the 20th century. Found in sciences concerning history, literature and politics, culture and identity.

Question 12

Define decolonization

Answer 12

An intellectual process that is the deconstruction of colonized perceptions and attitudes of power and oppression that were adopted during the time of colonialism.

Question 13

What is the conceptual framework of Indigenous Health?

Answer 13

Care vs Duty

Question 14

What is duty?

Answer 14

Morality, Generalized, impartial, obligation, public, militaristic, (Masculine)

Question 15

What is care?

Answer 15

Specific, contextual, particular, partial, proximal, private, relationship (Feminine/Feminist)

Question 16

What is Critical feminism?

Answer 16

A movement to end oppression

Question 17

What are the 4 waves of feminism?

Answer 17

Wave # 1: Activism, freedom of expression (late 1800’s)
Wave #2: More radical, anti-war, growing awareness of oppression around the world (160-1990).
Wave #3 (mid-1990’s): Post-colonial thinking, rejecting generalizability. (subject vs object debate); challenging boundaries.
Wave # 4 (currently): Issues of intersectionality, race, sexuality, color. Contextual and experiential. Recognition of difference.

Question 18

What is standpoint on indigenous feminism?

Answer 18

-The impacts of colonialism and patriarchy have become fixed within communities and how they must be challenged

-Indigenous people do not share a single culture; they do have a common history
Understand experience across time & place

Question 19

What is Social Contructionism?

Answer 19

Concerned with the ways we think about and use categories to structure our experience and analysis of the world (experiences, feelings and thinking).

Question 20

What is nurture?

Answer 20

Social ideas and categories (including stereotypes) are socially constructed and then accepted as reality, despite the facts.

Question 21

What is Nature?

Answer 21

Genetics or Nature determines characteristics not social environment.

Question 22

“Indigenous Worldview’s”

Answer 22

Knowledge is holistic, cyclic, and dependent upon relationships and connections to living and non-living beings and entities.

There are many truths, and these truths are dependent upon individual experiences.
Everything is alive. (rock, water, tree, dirt, land, animals)

All things are equal.

The land is sacred. (take care of the environment as it will take care of us)

The relationship between people and the spiritual world is important.

Human beings are least important in the world.

Question 23

What are creation stories?

Answer 23

Explain how their people, and their world, came into existence.

Question 24

What is the Clovis Model and Land-Bridge model?

Answer 24

Land-Bridge Theory came from the discovery of spear points near Clovis, New Mexico between 1929 and 1937, that matched the kinds of artifacts found in Beringia.

The Land Bridge Theory proposes that people migrated from Siberia to Alaska across a land bridge that spanned the current day Bering Strait.

First Americans migrated into North America from Asia more than 14 to 20 thousand

Archaeologists long thought the first Americans were the Clovis people, who were said to have reached the New World some 13,000 years ago from northern Asia.

Question 25

Where did Indigenous people migrate from?

Answer 25

Eastern Asian homeland sometime between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago, a difficult time for a great northern migration.

Question 26

What is the Coastal Theory? (Pacific Coast Migration Model)

Answer 26

People entering the continents followed the Pacific coastline, hunter-gatherer-fishers traveling in boats or along the shoreline and subsisting primarily on marine resources.
Indigenous people arrived on the west coast travelling by boat or foot (arriving when the glaciers had pulled back from the shoreline).

Evidence for sea-faring in the Pacific Rim region begins in greater Australia, which was colonized by people in water craft at least as long ago as 50,000 years.

Question 27

What is the Pacific Crossings Theory?

Answer 27

Indigenous people came across the ocean in some type of boat from Australia.

Question 28

What is the Atlantic Crossing Theory?

Answer 28

Indigenous people came across the ocean in skin, wood or papyrus boats.

Question 29

What is the Pangea Theory?

Answer 29

The theory that the earth was once one supercontinent and broke up into smaller continents supports this theory.

Question 30

“Health Practices in Ancient Civilizations”

Answer 30

Environment contributed to their overall health

Illness could be cured or relieved by utilizing various plants

Personal and communal hygiene could have an impact on health

Certain foods kept our bodies more healthy than others

Question 31

“Health of Indigenous Populations Prior to European Contact”

Answer 31

Lived relatively healthy lives

Common ailments: gum disease, arthritis, and broken bones.

Well adapted to deal ailments.

Plant-based and herbal medicines.

Healers had special status in traditional communities and knew how to care for the sick.

Question 32

Was infectious disease absent prior to European contact?

Answer 32

Infectious disease was not completely absent prior to contact, but Indigenous people were living such healthy lives that they did not succumb to disease easily.

Question 33

Was there any record of infectious disease prior to European contact?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Did oral history state any infection diseases?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

“Indigenous Populations prior to contact”

Answer 35

Lived in populations of relatively small sizes with no over-crowding.

Generally ate low fat, highly nutritious food from hunting, fishing, gathering and gardening (corn, beans, squash, rice, wild tubers and greens, eggs, maple syrup, fish, mammals)

Pre-contact there were no domesticated animals other than the dogs kept by Salishan speaking peoples

Question 36

“Epidemiology to the spread of infectious diseases”

Answer 36

Large, sedentary populations

Over-crowding and poor hygiene

Poor nutrition

Close contact with animals (they are reservoirs for microorganisms).

Question 37

“Oral History Part 1”

Answer 37

Indigenous lifestyles were dependent on and by necessity were in harmony with the environment and other species.

One of the most pervasive Indigenous values is that everything is interconnected; this includes physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of being.

Healers had diverse roles to play; while everyone learned some healing practices, some individuals were specialized, trained from an early age, or were acknowledged as having advanced healing abilities.

Question 38

“Oral History Part 2”

Answer 38

Healers specialized in diverse knowledge systems, including plant medicines, spiritual or ceremonial healing, physical, mental or emotional therapies and treatments, and minor surgery.

Substances or materials from plants, trees, minerals, insects, fungus, birds, animals and sea creatures were used for medicine

Midwifery was practiced by all Indigenous groups

Some people were left behind to die, at their own request.

Elders or Old People were highly respected for their advanced knowledge and wisdom/a place of honor.

People who recovered from serious illnesses were often thought to have strong spiritual power.