Midterm Studying Part 2 Flashcards
“Identity and Ethnic Identity”
The adaptation of personal attitudes, feelings, characteristics, and behaviors (personal identity)
Identification with a larger group of people who share those characteristics (reference group orientation)
It is automatically reflected in the person’s image, values, practices, etc.
It is the way one feels about one’s ethnic identity affects how that person views him/herself.
What is enculturation?
Socialization process by which one acquires the social & psychological qualities that are necessary to function as a member of one’s group (Willingly)
What is acculturation?
The process that is really the product of cultural learning. It happens between the contact between the members of 2 culturally distinct groups. It has to do with attitudinal or character exchange (Unwillingly)
3 Levels of Acculturation
- Superficial- the learning and forgetting of the facts that are part of one’s cultural history and tradition, forget historical figures of own country and learn new country’s history
- Intermediate-the learning that takes place evolves around the more central behaviors that are at the core of one’s life (I.e., language preference, ethnicity of friends, ethnicity of spouse, name of children, media preference)
- Significant Level-Changes that take place are in the values, beliefs, and norms that make up the constructs of the person’s views. [i.e., negative competition, assertive interactions, confrontation encounters]
What are the 5 models of Acculturation?
Assimilation: relinquishing of cultural identity and assuming the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors of the majority group.
Integration: maintenance of one’s cultural identity while also incorporating components of the majority group.
Separation: self imposed withdrawal from larger society.
Segregation: forced separation of ethnic groups by larger society.
Marginalization: person does not identify with neither their traditional culture nor the majority culture.
“Race and Culture Identity Models”
Self-categorization in, and psychological attachment toward, an ethnic group(s).
characterized as part of one’s overarching self-concept.
A process of the construction of identity over time, due to a combination of experience and actions of the individual and includes gaining knowledge and understanding of in-group(s), as well as a sense of belongingness to an ethnic group(s).
Views subjective identity as a starting point that eventually leads to the development of a social identity based on ethnic group membership.
“Minority Identity Development”
All minority groups experience the common force of oppression, and as a result, all will generate attitudes and behaviors consistent with a natural internal struggle to develop a strong sense of self- and group-identity in spite of oppressive conditions.
Stages (overlap)
Conformity (poor self identity, share main cultures beliefs)
Dissonance (conflict, question dominant)
Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant/resist oppression)
Introspection (dominant group not all bad)
Synergistic Articulation and Awareness (comfortable with differences)
What is Social Darwinism?
A term that is commonly used to describe the idea that natural (or physical) selection can be applied to rank different people or social groups (including races, nationalities, genders, etc).
What is culture?
Everyone has a culture.
Everyone lives within culturally biased communities.
Culture is experienced both individually and collectively.
No two people experience their culture exactly the same.
Culture is socially constructed
“Culture: Beliefs, Practices, Values”
Includes worldview, lifestyle, learned and shared beliefs and values, knowledge, symbols and rules that guide behavior and create meanings within a group of people.
Is superficially understood as strict elements that are passed down from generation to generation.
Culture is dynamic. It changes and evolves over time as individuals and communities change over time.
An individual’s culture is influenced by many factors, such as race, gender, religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual orientation and life experience. The extent to which particular factors influence a person will vary.
“Culture: Beliefs, Practices, Values” Part 2
Some individuals are bicultural or have a matrix of cultural worldviews, with shifting and sometimes conflicting cultural orientations. The same is true for communities.
Cultural biases and reactions to culturally different people are automatic, often subconscious, and influence the dynamics of relationships.
How do you acquire cultural knowledge?
Begins with the recognition that behaviours and responses that are viewed one way in one cultural context may be viewed in another way, or have a different meaning, in another cultural context.
“Health Care”
Culture may affect beliefs and values
Perception of health, illness and death
Meaning and role of suffering
View of hospitals, nurses, doctors and other healers
Rituals and customs (religious and other)
Boundaries related to privacy, age, gender and relationships
Effectiveness and value of different types of therapies
Time keeping / Family and Social Relationships / Decisions / Independence/self-care versus interdependence/being cared for by others / and communication Norms
Individual time-keeping beliefs and practices that may direct activities (e.g., medical testing appointments before sunset, or instructing clients to take medication before or after an event (such as breakfast) instead of at a specific time, such as 8:00)
Family and social relationships (e.g., roles of family members in decision-making and caregiving, perception of what is best for the individual versus the family and what is best for the family as a whole);
Decision-making on consent to treatment (e.g., sharing information versus clients being shielded by family and having decisions made for them);
Independence/self-care versus interdependence/being cared for by others;
Communication norms (e.g., Eye contact versus avoiding direct eye contact, asking questions versus avoiding direct questioning)
“The Historical Construction of Race”
In Europe, until the latter part of the 1600s, identity was primarily defined by one’s religion and language
The concept of race as a category of identity did not emerge until Europeans began to colonize other continents.
Europaeus (Europeans), Asiaticus (Asians), Americanus (Americans) and Afericanus (Africans) differed in general mood.
In 1779, Johann Blumenbach further proposed five major racial divisions including:
Caucasoid (White), Mongoloid (Asian), Ethiopian (later Negroid), American Indian, and Malayan (South American)
“Racialized classifications in colonialist Canada”
Racial differences originate in biology and that physical characteristics (e.g., skin color, hair texture, eye shape) as well as behaviors are accurate indicators of race;
Each race has a distinct culture (e.g., language, dress music, dance) that is also linked to biology;
Racial differences are unchangeable
some races are ‘naturally’ inferior, and consequently
Racial categories should be written into political, legal and social systems (e.g., the Indian Act).
What is Race Theory?
Used to reveal how the social construction of how race influences the health and well-being of racialized groups by supporting the inequitable structuring of privilege for some groups and disadvantage for others
What is the Ideology of Racism?
An ideology is a set of beliefs and attitudes that evolve through persuasion or coercion to become deeply rooted in the structures and systems of a particular society (Marshment, 1978).
People racialized as ‘White’ are afforded better treatment and more opportunities than people who are categorized as ‘people of color,’ or ‘Aboriginal, Indigenous, or Indian’
Epistemic Racism
Epistemology- The study of knowledge
Dominance of western knowledge system produces and promotes beliefs about racialized cultures as inferior to western culture.
Played key role in indigenous people.
Many disciplines of science have created and maintained racial distinctions to segregate and oppress Aboriginals.
Relationship Racism
Occurs when a person experiences discriminatory behavior from people they encounter in an everyday life.
Most obvious form of racism
Based on hostile attitudes informed by negative stereotypes
Can include physical, sexual assault, murder.
Structural Racism
Refers to social, political institutions and processes of society and the moral and cultural systems that underpin them.
Power is reinforced through inequitable laws, policies, rules and regulations as well as access to resources.
“Indian” has been determined by those in government and has never been sanctioned by Indigenous people themselves.
Structural racism leads to social racism.
Physically and socially isolates racialized groups from equal participation in and benefiting from educational, economic, political and health systems.
What is social society?
Institutional mechanisms create social, material and/or geographic isolation which limit participation in civil society.
What is the Indian Act?
Defines Aboriginal people as “wards” of the state not citizens
What do remote aborignal reserves do?
Limiting Aboriginal peoples ability to make their own decisions in their communities
What is social goods?
Failure to provide for health needs
Poor housing =
Lack of adequate investment in infrastructure
water treatment, accessible roads & unsafe extraction of resources
What is social production?
The denial of opportunities to contribute to or participate in social, cultural activities of a society
What is social consumption?
Inadequate access to usual forms of employment and participation in the economy and labor markets.
“Lack of adequate retention in education programs”
Lack of adequate retention in educational programs.
Training in remote communities
Opportunities for economic development
Engagement in market economies
Symbolic Racism
Members of the dominant group who might not be labeled as racist as they dislike overt relational racism…yet they often hold similar attitudes that maintain racial status quo.
Non-Insured Health Benefits for FN people
Belief that settlers made Canada
Free education
Embodied Racism
Members of the dominant group who might not be labeled as racist as they dislike overt relational racism…yet they often hold similar attitudes that maintain racial status quo.
Non-Insured Health Benefits for FN people
Belief that settlers made Canada
Free education
Color-blindness
The notion of “race-less” may actually perpetuates inequities because it does not considers the social experiences of people of color as compared to people who are “white.”
The Academy is guilty of ignoring difference- failing to consider experience.
“Guidelines on Research and Working with Aboriginal Peoples”
Distinct Indigenous Research methods
OCAP principles (Ownership, Control, Access and Possession)
Understanding the community
Privacy/confidentiality
Ethics - Considerations and templates for ethical research practices
What is priviledge?
The recognition that because of one’s status or race, certain privileges or opportunities have been accessed.
