Midterm Studying Part 2

Question 1

“Identity and Ethnic Identity”

Answer 1

The adaptation of personal attitudes, feelings, characteristics, and behaviors (personal identity)
Identification with a larger group of people who share those characteristics (reference group orientation)

It is automatically reflected in the person’s image, values, practices, etc.

It is the way one feels about one’s ethnic identity affects how that person views him/herself.

Question 2

What is enculturation?

Answer 2

Socialization process by which one acquires the social & psychological qualities that are necessary to function as a member of one’s group (Willingly)

Question 3

What is acculturation?

Answer 3

The process that is really the product of cultural learning. It happens between the contact between the members of 2 culturally distinct groups. It has to do with attitudinal or character exchange (Unwillingly)

Question 4

3 Levels of Acculturation

Answer 4

1. Superficial- the learning and forgetting of the facts that are part of one’s cultural history and tradition, forget historical figures of own country and learn new country’s history
2. Intermediate-the learning that takes place evolves around the more central behaviors that are at the core of one’s life (I.e., language preference, ethnicity of friends, ethnicity of spouse, name of children, media preference)
3. Significant Level-Changes that take place are in the values, beliefs, and norms that make up the constructs of the person’s views. [i.e., negative competition, assertive interactions, confrontation encounters]

Question 5

What are the 5 models of Acculturation?

Answer 5

Assimilation: relinquishing of cultural identity and assuming the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors of the majority group.

Integration: maintenance of one’s cultural identity while also incorporating components of the majority group.

Separation: self imposed withdrawal from larger society.

Segregation: forced separation of ethnic groups by larger society.

Marginalization: person does not identify with neither their traditional culture nor the majority culture.

Question 6

“Race and Culture Identity Models”

Answer 6

Self-categorization in, and psychological attachment toward, an ethnic group(s).
characterized as part of one’s overarching self-concept.

A process of the construction of identity over time, due to a combination of experience and actions of the individual and includes gaining knowledge and understanding of in-group(s), as well as a sense of belongingness to an ethnic group(s).

Views subjective identity as a starting point that eventually leads to the development of a social identity based on ethnic group membership.

Question 7

“Minority Identity Development”

Answer 7

All minority groups experience the common force of oppression, and as a result, all will generate attitudes and behaviors consistent with a natural internal struggle to develop a strong sense of self- and group-identity in spite of oppressive conditions.

Stages (overlap)

Conformity (poor self identity, share main cultures beliefs)

Dissonance (conflict, question dominant)

Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant/resist oppression)

Introspection (dominant group not all bad)

Synergistic Articulation and Awareness (comfortable with differences)

Question 8

What is Social Darwinism?

Answer 8

A term that is commonly used to describe the idea that natural (or physical) selection can be applied to rank different people or social groups (including races, nationalities, genders, etc).

Question 9

What is culture?

Answer 9

Everyone has a culture.

Everyone lives within culturally biased communities.

Culture is experienced both individually and collectively.

No two people experience their culture exactly the same.

Culture is socially constructed

Question 10

“Culture: Beliefs, Practices, Values”

Answer 10

Includes worldview, lifestyle, learned and shared beliefs and values, knowledge, symbols and rules that guide behavior and create meanings within a group of people.
Is superficially understood as strict elements that are passed down from generation to generation.

Culture is dynamic. It changes and evolves over time as individuals and communities change over time.

An individual’s culture is influenced by many factors, such as race, gender, religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual orientation and life experience. The extent to which particular factors influence a person will vary.

Question 11

“Culture: Beliefs, Practices, Values” Part 2

Answer 11

Some individuals are bicultural or have a matrix of cultural worldviews, with shifting and sometimes conflicting cultural orientations. The same is true for communities.

Cultural biases and reactions to culturally different people are automatic, often subconscious, and influence the dynamics of relationships.

Question 12

How do you acquire cultural knowledge?

Answer 12

Begins with the recognition that behaviours and responses that are viewed one way in one cultural context may be viewed in another way, or have a different meaning, in another cultural context.

Question 13

“Health Care”

Answer 13

Culture may affect beliefs and values

Perception of health, illness and death

Meaning and role of suffering

View of hospitals, nurses, doctors and other healers

Rituals and customs (religious and other)

Boundaries related to privacy, age, gender and relationships

Effectiveness and value of different types of therapies

Question 14

Time keeping / Family and Social Relationships / Decisions / Independence/self-care versus interdependence/being cared for by others / and communication Norms

Answer 14

Individual time-keeping beliefs and practices that may direct activities (e.g., medical testing appointments before sunset, or instructing clients to take medication before or after an event (such as breakfast) instead of at a specific time, such as 8:00)

Family and social relationships (e.g., roles of family members in decision-making and caregiving, perception of what is best for the individual versus the family and what is best for the family as a whole);

Decision-making on consent to treatment (e.g., sharing information versus clients being shielded by family and having decisions made for them);

Independence/self-care versus interdependence/being cared for by others;

Communication norms (e.g., Eye contact versus avoiding direct eye contact, asking questions versus avoiding direct questioning)

Question 15

“The Historical Construction of Race”

Answer 15

In Europe, until the latter part of the 1600s, identity was primarily defined by one’s religion and language

The concept of race as a category of identity did not emerge until Europeans began to colonize other continents.

Europaeus (Europeans), Asiaticus (Asians), Americanus (Americans) and Afericanus (Africans) differed in general mood.

Question 16

In 1779, Johann Blumenbach further proposed five major racial divisions including:

Answer 16

Caucasoid (White),
Mongoloid (Asian),
Ethiopian (later Negroid),
American Indian, and
Malayan (South American)

Question 17

“Racialized classifications in colonialist Canada”

Answer 17

Racial differences originate in biology and that physical characteristics (e.g., skin color, hair texture, eye shape) as well as behaviors are accurate indicators of race;

Each race has a distinct culture (e.g., language, dress music, dance) that is also linked to biology;

Racial differences are unchangeable
some races are ‘naturally’ inferior, and consequently

Racial categories should be written into political, legal and social systems (e.g., the Indian Act).

Question 18

What is Race Theory?

Answer 18

Used to reveal how the social construction of how race influences the health and well-being of racialized groups by supporting the inequitable structuring of privilege for some groups and disadvantage for others

Question 19

What is the Ideology of Racism?

Answer 19

An ideology is a set of beliefs and attitudes that evolve through persuasion or coercion to become deeply rooted in the structures and systems of a particular society (Marshment, 1978).

People racialized as ‘White’ are afforded better treatment and more opportunities than people who are categorized as ‘people of color,’ or ‘Aboriginal, Indigenous, or Indian’

Question 20

Epistemic Racism

Answer 20

Epistemology- The study of knowledge

Dominance of western knowledge system produces and promotes beliefs about racialized cultures as inferior to western culture.

Played key role in indigenous people.
Many disciplines of science have created and maintained racial distinctions to segregate and oppress Aboriginals.

Question 21

Relationship Racism

Answer 21

Occurs when a person experiences discriminatory behavior from people they encounter in an everyday life.

Most obvious form of racism

Based on hostile attitudes informed by negative stereotypes

Can include physical, sexual assault, murder.

Question 22

Structural Racism

Answer 22

Refers to social, political institutions and processes of society and the moral and cultural systems that underpin them.

Power is reinforced through inequitable laws, policies, rules and regulations as well as access to resources.

“Indian” has been determined by those in government and has never been sanctioned by Indigenous people themselves.

Structural racism leads to social racism.

Physically and socially isolates racialized groups from equal participation in and benefiting from educational, economic, political and health systems.

Question 23

What is social society?

Answer 23

Institutional mechanisms create social, material and/or geographic isolation which limit participation in civil society.

Question 24

What is the Indian Act?

Answer 24

Defines Aboriginal people as “wards” of the state not citizens

Question 25

What do remote aborignal reserves do?

Answer 25

Limiting Aboriginal peoples ability to make their own decisions in their communities

Question 26

What is social goods?

Answer 26

Failure to provide for health needs

Question 27

Poor housing =

Answer 27

Lack of adequate investment in infrastructure

water treatment, accessible roads & unsafe extraction of resources

Question 28

What is social production?

Answer 28

The denial of opportunities to contribute to or participate in social, cultural activities of a society

Question 29

What is social consumption?

Answer 29

Inadequate access to usual forms of employment and participation in the economy and labor markets.

Question 30

“Lack of adequate retention in education programs”

Answer 30

Lack of adequate retention in educational programs.
Training in remote communities
Opportunities for economic development
Engagement in market economies

Question 31

Symbolic Racism

Answer 31

Members of the dominant group who might not be labeled as racist as they dislike overt relational racism…yet they often hold similar attitudes that maintain racial status quo.

Non-Insured Health Benefits for FN people

Belief that settlers made Canada

Free education

Question 32

Embodied Racism

Answer 32

Members of the dominant group who might not be labeled as racist as they dislike overt relational racism…yet they often hold similar attitudes that maintain racial status quo.

Non-Insured Health Benefits for FN people

Belief that settlers made Canada

Free education

Color-blindness

The notion of “race-less” may actually perpetuates inequities because it does not considers the social experiences of people of color as compared to people who are “white.”

The Academy is guilty of ignoring difference- failing to consider experience.

Question 33

“Guidelines on Research and Working with Aboriginal Peoples”

Answer 33

Distinct Indigenous Research methods

OCAP principles (Ownership, Control, Access and Possession)

Understanding the community

Privacy/confidentiality

Ethics - Considerations and templates for ethical research practices

Question 34

What is priviledge?

Answer 34

The recognition that because of one’s status or race, certain privileges or opportunities have been accessed.