Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYS 261 > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

PERFUSION

A

blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN

A
  • cytokine that influences/differentiates RBC’s
  • stimulated by HYPOXIA
  • made in KIDNEYS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CYTOKINE

A
  • peptides/proteins that are chem factors
  • released fr one cell to affect the growth/activity of another
  • made on-demand/not stored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

THROMBOPOIETIN

A
  • regulates growth/maturation of MEGAKARYOCYTES

- made in LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MEGAKARYOCYTES

A
  • huge cells that undergo DNA replication up to 7x w/o undergoing cytoplasmic division
  • polyploid cell w multiple copies of DNA in stretched nucleus
  • OUTER EDGES BREAK OFF INTO PLATELETS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PLATELETS

A
  • cell fragments of megakaryocytes
  • no nucleus; contains mitochondria, smooth ER, granules
  • 10 day lifespan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HEMOLYSIS

breakdown of blood

A
  1. macrophages in spleen breaks down old/damaged RBC
  2. Spleen converts heme group to BILIRUBIN
    3A. bilirubin is metabolized in LIVER into BILE
    3B. bilirubin is secreted in the urine
  3. BILE secreted into intestines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HEMOLYSIS conversions

A
  • heme group to BILIRUBIN
  • amino acids to new proteins
  • iron is reused for new heme groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS

A

process of breakdown of FIBRIN by enzyme PLASMIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

FIBRINOGEN

A
  • inactive glycoprotein complex made in the liver

- converted into active FIBRIN when enzyme THROMBIN is added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

FIBRIN

A

insolulable fibrous protein that is involved in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

EXTRINSIC PATHWAY

1 of 3 coagulation pathway

A

-damage exposes TISSUE FACTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

INTRINSIC PATHWAY

1 of 3 coagulation pathway

A

-damage to tissue EXPOSES COLLAGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BOYLE’S LAW

A

inverse relationship b/w volume and pressure

  • increase in vol, decrease in pressure
  • decrease in vol, increase in pressure

P1V1=P2V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ALVEOLI

A
  • site of gas exchange + external respiration
  • interconnected air sac associated w pulmonary capillaries
  • single layer epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ALVEOLI TYPE I CELLS

A
  • 95% of alveolar surface area
  • thin + large for rapid diffusion
  • basement membrane fuses TYPE I to CAPILLARY EPITHELIUM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ALVEOLI TYPE II CELLS

A
  • synthesizes + secretes SURFACTANT

- smaller but thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SURFACTANT

A
  • decreases surface tension on alveoli surface
  • helps equalize pressure which makes expansion easier
  • mixture of proteins and phospholipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ALVEOLAR VENTILATION RATE

A

-more accurate indication of how much FRESH AIR is reaching the lungs (vs. TOTAL PULMONARY VENTILATION)
vent rate x (total vol - dead space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TOTAL PULMONARY VENTILATION

A

vent rate x total volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PLASMA COMPOSITION

A 
92% water
7% proteins
-organic moles. (amino acds, glucose, lipids, nitro waste)
-ions
-trace elements + vitamins
-gases (O2, CO2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PLASMA PROTEINS

A

ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN
FIBRINOGEN
TRANSFERRIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FUNCTIONS OF RBC’s

A
  • transports O2 and CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PLATELETS

A

-helps stop blood loss, immunity, + inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

4 FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

1 exchange of gases
2 homeostatic reg of pH by controlling CO2
3 vocalization
4 protection fr inhaled pathogens + irritating substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

4 RESPIRATORY VOLS

A

TIDAL VOL (amt that moves during resting insp. + exp.)
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOL (addt’l vol above Vt)
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOL (addt’l vol below Vt)
RESIDUAL VOL (vol of air still in lungs after forceful expiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q 
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
(capacity=2 or more lung vol)
A

TOTAL LUNG CAP (Vt + IRV +ERV +RV)
VITAL CAP (Vt + IRV + ERV)
INSPIRE CAP ( Vt + IRV)
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAP (ERV + RV)

28
Q

ENERGY

A

capacity to do work (chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work)

2 types: KINETIC and POTENTIAL

29
Q

ACTIVATION ENERGY

A

initial input of energy required to bring reactants into a position that allows them to react w one another

30
Q

EXERGONIC RXN

A

-release of energy

FREE ENERGY OF PROD < FREE ENERGY OF REACTNT

31
Q

ENZYMES

A

Protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy

32
Q

ENZYME SPECIFITY

A

characteristic of enzymes to only bind to/work on specific ligand or group of related ligands

33
Q

EXOCYTOSIS

A

process in which intracellular vesicles fuse w the membrane and release their contents to ICF

34
Q

GLUCONEOGENESIS

A

noncarbohydrate precursors, especially amino acids, are converted into glucose

35
Q

ACROMEGALY

A

Abnormal growth of cartilage and soft tissues due to excess growth hormone secretion in an adult

-in children, it is GIANTISM

36
Q

Cell Composition

A

Nucleus
Membrane
Cytoplasm

37
Q

Membranous Organelles

A 
1 Mitochondria
2 Endo Reticulum
3 Golgi Apparatus
4 Lysosomes
5 Peroxisomes
38
Q

Nonmembranous Organelles

A 
1 Cytoskeleton
2 Centriole
3 Cilia
4 Flagella
5 Lipid droplets
6 Glyco granules
7 Ribosome
39
Q

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

A

-potential (charge) difference b/w inside and outside of cell. K is high inside, Na is high outside

ICF = -70mV
ICF K+=150mM
ICF NA+=5mM

ECF = 0mV
ECF K+=5mM
ECF Na+=150mM

40
Q

Na+/K+ PUMP

A

Responsible for depolarization for action potention.

Na channels have two gates: 1. voltage 2. time-sen..at resting, channels are mostly open for K and mostly closed for Na.

Change in K causes a greater difference than a change in Na

41
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL POLARIZATIONS

A

HYPERPOLARIZATION - more neg, K+ leaves
DEPOLARIZATION - (peaks at -30mV), opening of Na channels
REPOLARIZATION - open voltage gated K channels (K moves out again)

42
Q

Diameter vs Myelination

A

Sm Diameter + Thick Myelination is faster than Lg Diameter w no myelination

43
Q

ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE of ACTION POTENTIAL

A

Once the AXON HILLOCK receives the treshold, the action potential is continuous. (-55mV)

A weak stimuli that does not reach threshold does NOT activate an action potential.

44
Q

Refractory Period

A

-temporarily insensitive segment of the cell bc just recently terminated an action potention.
Na time sensitive gates are closed.
Once reopened, the threshold is much higher than normal

45
Q

ALPHA CELLS of Pancreas

A

low blood glucose levels (or FASTED STATE) trigger Alpha cells w the release of GLUCAGON.

46
Q

BETA CELLS of Pancreas

A

When high blood glucose levels, the Beta cells are activated to release INSULIN

47
Q

INSULIN

A

binds to receptors on LIVER CELLS.
Liver responds my taking in more glucose.
stimulates GLYCOLYSIS(glucose breakdown) + GLYCOGENESIS (glycogen synthesis)

48
Q

GLUCAGON

A 
stimulates the LIVER
stimulates GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen into glucose) + GLYCONEOGENESIS to increase glucose output
49
Q

GRADED POTENTIAL

A
  • Input signal thru dendrites + cell body
  • if reached AXON HILLOCK (trigger zone) w threshold reached, it triggers an ACTION POTENTIAL
  • strength decreases as it travels b/c of leakage; not all or nothing
50
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

(in liver) amino acids or pyruvate enter GLYCOLYSIS.
pyruvate is converted to GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE.
(in kidney, liver) glucose 6 phosphate is converted to GLUCOSE

51
Q

PEPTIDE HORMONE

A
  • v water-sol
  • short half life
  • LIPOPHOBIC - unable to enter target cell; must bind to receptors
52
Q

STEROID HORMONE

A
  • LIPOPHILLIC (simple diffusion)
  • acts as transcription factor
  • cholesterol derived
  • only made in a few organs (adrenacortex, gonads, skin, placenta)
  • can bind to carrier proteins to extend half life
53
Q

AMINO ACID HORMONE

A
  • created from either TYROSINE or TRYTOPHAN

- melatonin, thyroid hormones, catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamin, norepinephrine)

54
Q

Anterior Pituitary/Hypophyseal

6 hormones

A

*2-5 TROPHIC HORMONES have other endocrine glands as their targets
1 Prolactin
2 Thyrotropin aka Thyroid Stim Hormone (TSH)
3 Adrenocorticotropin ACTH
4 Growth Hormone (GH) liver, bone, kidneys, cartilg
5 Follicle-Stim Hormone (FSH)
6 Luteneizing Hormone (LH)

55
Q

Posterior Pituitary/Hypophyseal

2 hormones

A 
1 Oxytocin (controls contraction + ejection of milk)
2 Vasopressin aka ANTIDIURETIC HORM. (acts on kidneys to regulate water balance which in turn regulates blood pressure)
56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

1 THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE TRH (controls secretion of TSH)
2 GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)
3 GH INHIBITING HORMONE (somatostatin)
4 CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE CRH (controls secretion of corticotrophon aka ACTH)

57
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

secretes mostly Catecholamines
1 Epinephrine
2 Nonepinephrine
3 Dopamin

58
Q

Thyroid Glands

A
  • one of the larger thyroid glands
  • hormones contain IODINE
  • not essential for life but essential for growth + dvlpt
  • follicular cells produce (THYROGLOBULIN + ENZYMES) for hormone synthess
  • C-cells produces Calcitonin (reabsorbtion of Ca)
59
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

1 Aldosterone (targets the kidneys for erythropoiten)
2 Cortisol
3 Androgen

60
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

T3 + T4

  • made of TYROSINE with iodine on the thyroglobulin
  • lipophlic, must bind to receptors

IN ADULTS : provides substrate for oxidative metabolism
IN KIDS : required for full expression of GH: built nervous sym, myelin synapse formation, microtubule assembly, BONE GROWTH

61
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

T3 + T4

  • made of TYROSINE with iodine on the thyroglobulin
  • lipophlic, must bind to receptors

IN ADULTS : provides substrate for oxidative metabolism
IN KIDS : required for full expression of GH: built nervous sym, myelin synapse formation, microtubule assembly, BONE GROWTH

62
Q

Cortisol

A
  • fr adrenal cortex
  • Liver - gluconeogenesis - ketones
  • Adipose - lipolysis
  • Muscle - protein catabolism
  • Immune Systm - suppressed
63
Q

Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome

hypercortisolism

A

disease - ant pituitary tumor
syndrome - adrenal gland tumor
iatrogenic syndrome - physician induced

64
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

hypocortisolism. caused by destruction of adrenal cortex

65
Q

Type I Diabetes

A
  • insulin-deficient; 10% of diabetics
  • protein metabolism for atp production
  • fat metabolism - fatty acids turn into KETONES
  • hyperglycemia - gycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis
  • brain metabolism -satiety center is insulin dependant
  • metabolic acidosis fr anaerobic metab + ketones
  • dehydration
66
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

90% of diabetics

67
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

90% of diabetics

  • normal to high insulin levels but decreased target responsiveness
  • unlike TYPE I, does not need ketone production

PHYS 261 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions