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PHYS 261 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

increase in epinephrine/
decrease in norepinephrine
on vessels

A

vasoDILATION

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2
Q

Tonic discharge of Norepinephrine

A

maintains arteriole vasoconstriction. w/o parasympathetic influence, bp would be 90-100mmHg instead of 80mmHg

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3
Q

sympathetic on vessels

A
  1. B2 receptors bind,
    vasodilation,
    increase blood flow to tissue, muscles, liver.
  2. a receptors bind,
    vasoconstriction of arterioles,
    blood is diverted fr nonessential organs like GI tract
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4
Q

avg. skeletal muscle CO flow

A

at rest, 20% of CO

during exercise, up to 85% CO

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5
Q

kidney’s main function

A

homeostatic regulation of water + ion content in blood

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6
Q

6 ways kidneys regulate salt/water balance

A 
1 reg. of ECF + BP (less ecf vol>less bp)
2 reg. of mOsM (avg is 290)
3 maint. of ion balance
4 reg. of pH
5 waste excretion
6 hormone production
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7
Q

3 kidney hormones

A

1 erythropoietin
2 renin
3 renal enzyme

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8
Q

renin

A

enzyme that reg. production of hormone involved in Na balance + BP

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9
Q

renal enzyme

A

converts vit D3 to hormone that reg Ca balance

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10
Q

excretion

A

anything that filters INTO nephron (unless reabsorbed)

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11
Q

reabsorption

A

process of moving substance in filtrate fr lumen of tubule back into blood
-mostly takes place in PROXIMAL TUBULE

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12
Q

secretion

A

selective removal of molecules fr blood into filtrate in lumen
-active process (requires moving substrates AGAINST their concentration gradient)

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13
Q

3 filtration barriers of Renal Corpuscle

A

1 Glomerular Capillary Endothelium (fenestrated, lined w glycocalyx which is neg charged and repels neg charged plasma proteins)
2 Basement Membrane (acellular layer of extracellular matrix)
3 Bowman’s Capsule Epithelium (surrounded by PODOCYTES and FILTRATION SLITS)

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14
Q

Podocytes

A

have long cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes

wraps around glomerular capillaries
leaves narrow filtration slits in between

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15
Q

Mesangial Cells

A

lie between and around glomerular caps to providee support

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16
Q

3 influences of glomerular filtration rate

A

1 hydrostatic pressure
2 colloid pressure (opposing)
3 capsule fluid pressure

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17
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure on filtration

A

capillary BP is 55mmHg (favors filtration INTO bowman’s)

-pressure decreases the further out it travels (but remains higher than opposing pressure)

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18
Q

Colloid Pressure

A

avg pressure is 30 mmHg

  • favors mvmt back into capillaries
  • pressure is higher than fluid in bowman’s cap bc of proteins in plasma
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19
Q

Fluid Pressure

A

avg is 15 mmHg

opposes mvmt into capsule

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20
Q

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

A

Hydrostat pressure - (colloid osmitic pressure) - (fluid pressure)

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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

2 Influences

A

1 net filtration pressure (hydrostat-colloid-fluid)

2 filtration coefficient (surface area of filtration + filtration slits)

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22
Q

main driving force for renal absorption is___

A

__active transport of Na

-Na is reabsorbed, water follows, permeable solutes follow

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23
Q

saturation

A

max rate of transport when all available carriers are occupied by substrate

-past saturation means excess solutes cannot be reabsorbed bc all spots are taken

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24
Q

Transport Maximum

A

transport rate at saturation

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25
Q

Glucosuria.Glycosuria

A

-rare disorder in which glucose is secreted in urine

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26
Q

Diuress

A

removal of excess water by urination

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27
Q

water reabsorption controls __

A

___urine concentration
-occurs in renal medulla
-absorption of Na and then water follows
-

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28
Q

Vasopressin

A

-hormone that regs. water reabsorption by adding water pores on the membrane of the DISTAL TUBULE

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29
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is known as

A

ARGININE VASOPRESSIN AVP

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30
Q

aquaporin

A

stimulated by vasopressin levels in colelcting ducts

-AQP2 are either in vesicles or on membranes

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31
Q

Hypothalamus secreted Vasopressin when _____

A

1 low blood pressure
2 low arterial stretch (due to low blood vol)
3 high osmolarity

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32
Q

Osmoreceptors

A
  • stretch sensitive receptors for osmolarity

- fires if less than 280 mOsM

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33
Q

Countercurrent Exchange System

A
  • controls heat exchange by bringing vessels closer to gether to transfer heat to cooler veins
  • moves further apart to release more heat (instead of transferring to veins
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34
Q

Renal Countercurrent Multiplier

A

exchange system of active transport in renal medulla

  • consists of Loop of Henle + Vasa Recta (peritubular capillaries that run parallel to loop of H)
  • vasa recta + loop of H run at opposing directions
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35
Q

Descending Limb

A
  • only permeable to H2O (moves fr tubules to vasa recta bc of mOsM)
  • filtrate becomes more concentrated as it goes down bc water moved out, and solutes are left behind
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36
Q

Tip of Loop of Henle

A

-filtrate reaches concentration of up to 1200 mOsM (longer loops have higher mOsM)

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37
Q

Ascending Limb

A

-impermeable to H2O
-actively transports Na, K, Cl fr tubule to interstitial fluid
(lowers concentration of filtrate fr 1200 to 100 mOsM)

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38
Q

response to ingestion of Na

A

(more Na but no change in vol)
1 vasopressin secretion, renal H2O reabsorption
2 thirst, H2O intake, increase in ECF vol (kidneys secrete Na + H2O; inc in BP

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39
Q

Aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex hormone that regs Na reabsorption
-increases activity of Na K ATPase channels

  • targets last third os distal tubules+ collecting ducts
  • targets P cells
40
Q

2 Aldosterone stimuli

A

1 high ECF K concentration

2 low BP (initiates Renin-Angiotensin Pathway)

41
Q

Renin Angiotensin Pathway

A

-stim by low BP, granular cells produce RENIN enzyme,
Renin + Angiotensin makes ANG I, w/ACE makes ANG II, acts on adrenal cortex to secrete ALDOSTERONE, Na reabsorption increased, higher col + maintain mOsM

42
Q

ANG II

A

1 arterioles vasoconstrict
2 medulla oblangata-cardiovasc response - inc BP
3 hypothalasmus - inc in VASOPRESSIN + THIRST
4 prox.tubule - Na reabsorp, (water follows)

43
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

A
  • promotes Na + H2O secretion
  • lowers BP + B vol
  • anatogonist to RAS pathway
  • produced in myocardial cells
44
Q

K levels

A

in ECF, 2%
in plasma, 3.5-5 mEq/L

  • reabsorbed in ascending limb + prox tubule
  • secreted in collecting duct
45
Q

ACIDOSIS/ALKALOSIS excitability

A
  • acidosis - less excitable, cns depression, coma

- alkalosis, more excitable, tingling/numbness/twitches, tetanus, paralyze respiratory muscles

46
Q

BUFFERS

A

molecules that change pH by combining w/ releasing H

-in cells, proteins + phosphate ions
in plasma, hemoglobulin

47
Q

pH regulation

A

1 buffers
2 ventilation (hypovent, inc in CO2, acidosis)
3 kidneys

48
Q

renal handling of pH

A

prox.tubule secretes H, reabsorbs HCO3 Na

49
Q

high H, high HCO3

A

resp. acidosis

50
Q

high H, low HCO3

A

metab acidosis

51
Q

low H, low HCO3

A

resp alkalosis

52
Q

low H, high HCO3

A

metab alkalosis

53
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

carries out reflex w/o CNS control

-contains intrinsic neurons, extrinsic neurons, neurotransmitters, glial cells, diffusion barrier, integrating center

54
Q

Intrinsic Neurons

A

lie w/in wall of gut

55
Q

Extrinsic Neurons

A

autonomic neurons that bring signals fr CNS to digestice system

56
Q

Neurotransmitter

aka nonadrenergenic/noncholinergic

A

serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide

not like traditional neurotransmitters like norepinephone or acetylcholine

57
Q

Glial Cells

A

similar to CNS’ astroglia

58
Q

Diffusion Barrier

A

capillaries that surroung ganglia are not v permeable

59
Q

Integration Center

A

neuron network in ENS

60
Q

SHORT REFLEX

A
  • originate +integrated w/in ENS
  • submucosal plexus controls secretion of GI epithelial cells
  • myenteric plexus in muscularis externa control motility
61
Q

LONG REFLEX

A
  • sends sensory info to CNS

- receives input fr CNS thru autonomic neurons

62
Q

Cephalic Reflex

A

type of long reflex that originate outside of digestive system

  • ex feedforward reflex of seeing food, then stomach prepares for food
    or emo reflex like traveler’s constipation
63
Q

GI Peptides

A

acts as hormone/paracrine signals

-either excite/inhibit secretion + motility

64
Q

Cholecytokinin CCK

A

enhances satiety in brain

65
Q

Ghrelin

A

acts on brian to increase food intake

66
Q

GI Hormone Families

A

1 Gastrin
2 Secretin
3 Misc

67
Q

Gastrin Family

A

gastring

CCK

68
Q

Secretin Family

A

secretin
vasoactive intestinal peptide
glucose dependant insulinotropic peptide
glucagon-like peptide

69
Q

Glucose-Dependant Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)

A

stimulates insulin release in response to glucose in intestinal lumen

70
Q

Glucagon- Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

A

acts w GIP as feedforward signal for insulin release

71
Q

Misc Family of GI Hormones

A

MOTILIN (increase leads to increase in migrating motor complex)

72
Q

4 functions of saliva

A

1 soften + moisten food
2 digestion of starch (salivary amylase)
3 taste
4 defense (lysozome, immunoglobulin, physically washes teeth)

73
Q

Saliva secretion

A

exocrine, parasymph secretion

  1. 5 L/day
    - clusters of ACINI cells are secretory glands
74
Q

3 Salivary Glands

A

1 Parotid Glands (watery soln. of enzymes)
2 Sublingual Glands (mucus-rich)
3 Submandibular Glands (mucus + enzymes)

75
Q

G Cells

A

gastric gland cell

-secretes GASTRIN

76
Q

Gastrin

A
  • promotes acid release
  • stim by distension of stomach, GASTRIN-RELEASING HORM (ENS neurotransmitter), parasym neuron fr vagus nerve

-targets parietal cells + histamine release

77
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete gastric acid (HCl) into lumen of stomach

-pH is as low as 1

78
Q

HCl functions in stomach

A

1 causes release/activation of PEPSIN
2 triggers D cells to release SOMATOSTATIN
3 HCl denatures proteins (breaks down disulfide + H bonds)
4 kills bacteria, ingests microorgs
5 inactivates salivary amylase

79
Q

PEPSIN

A

secreted by chief cells as PEPSINOGEN and then activated by pH in sotmach

80
Q

GASTRIC LIPASE

A
  • co secreted w pepsin

- breaks down triglycerides

81
Q

Paracrine Secretions

A

1 Histamine
2 Intrinsic Factor
3 Somatostatin (aka Hypothalamic Growth Horm)

82
Q

Histamine

A

secreted by enterochromaffin-like cells in response to GASTRIN or ACETYLCHOLINE
-combines w H2 receptors on parietal lands to release acid

83
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

secreted by parietal cells

-combines w B12 so that intestines can absorb it

84
Q

Somatostasin

A

secreted by D cells

  • primary neg. feedback signal for Gastric Phase secretion
  • shuts down acid secretion by lowering gastrin, pepsinogen, + histamine secretion
85
Q

Mucous Cells

A

on luminal surface + neck of gastric glands

  • secreted mucus-bicarbonate barrier to protect lumen fr acid
  • HCO3 acts as buffer
86
Q

Intestinal Phase

A
  • occurs once chyme passes into SM. intestines

- parasymph + GI horm (GASTRIN + CCK) promotes intestinal motility

87
Q

5 Intestinal Secretions

A 
1 Digestive Enzyme 
2 Bile (fat digestion)
3 Bicarbonate Secretion (buffer)
4 Mucus (lube)
5 Isotonic NaCl (lube)
88
Q

Bile

A
  • produced by liver, secreted by gallbladder

- nonenzymatic soln that helps w fat digestion

89
Q

Pancreas

Endocrine Secretion

A

islets secrete insulin + glucagon

90
Q

Pancreas

Exocrine Secretion

A
  • secretes digestive enzyme, Na Bicarbonate,

- contains lobules called ACINI that empties into DUODENUM

91
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzymes

92
Q

Trypsin

A

Trypsinogen combines w enzyme ENTEROPEPTIDASE to activate

–trypsin then convers other pancreatic zymogens into active form

93
Q

Bile Components

A

1 Bile Salt (facilitates enzymatic fat digestion)
2 Bile pigments/Bilibrubin
3 Cholesterol

94
Q

Bile

A

breaks down fat droplets into smaller parts for easy digestion

95
Q

Lipase

A

enzymes that remove 2 fatty acids fr triglycerides

-results w MONOGLYCERIDE + 2 fatty acids

96
Q

Colipase

A

-displaces bile salts allowing lipase to access fats inside bile salt coating

(bc lipase cant break down bile salts0

97
Q

Micelles

A

cholesterol coalasce to enter aqueous later of brush border

PHYS 261 (4 decks)

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