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Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

increase in epinephrine/
decrease in norepinephrine
on vessels

A

vasoDILATION

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2
Q

Tonic discharge of Norepinephrine

A

maintains arteriole vasoconstriction. w/o parasympathetic influence, bp would be 90-100mmHg instead of 80mmHg

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3
Q

sympathetic on vessels

A
  1. B2 receptors bind,
    vasodilation,
    increase blood flow to tissue, muscles, liver.
  2. a receptors bind,
    vasoconstriction of arterioles,
    blood is diverted fr nonessential organs like GI tract
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4
Q

avg. skeletal muscle CO flow

A

at rest, 20% of CO

during exercise, up to 85% CO

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5
Q

kidney’s main function

A

homeostatic regulation of water + ion content in blood

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6
Q

6 ways kidneys regulate salt/water balance

A 
1 reg. of ECF + BP (less ecf vol>less bp)
2 reg. of mOsM (avg is 290)
3 maint. of ion balance
4 reg. of pH
5 waste excretion
6 hormone production
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7
Q

3 kidney hormones

A

1 erythropoietin
2 renin
3 renal enzyme

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8
Q

renin

A

enzyme that reg. production of hormone involved in Na balance + BP

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9
Q

renal enzyme

A

converts vit D3 to hormone that reg Ca balance

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10
Q

excretion

A

anything that filters INTO nephron (unless reabsorbed)

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11
Q

reabsorption

A

process of moving substance in filtrate fr lumen of tubule back into blood
-mostly takes place in PROXIMAL TUBULE

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12
Q

secretion

A

selective removal of molecules fr blood into filtrate in lumen
-active process (requires moving substrates AGAINST their concentration gradient)

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13
Q

3 filtration barriers of Renal Corpuscle

A

1 Glomerular Capillary Endothelium (fenestrated, lined w glycocalyx which is neg charged and repels neg charged plasma proteins)
2 Basement Membrane (acellular layer of extracellular matrix)
3 Bowman’s Capsule Epithelium (surrounded by PODOCYTES and FILTRATION SLITS)

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14
Q

Podocytes

A

have long cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes

wraps around glomerular capillaries
leaves narrow filtration slits in between

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15
Q

Mesangial Cells

A

lie between and around glomerular caps to providee support

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16
Q

3 influences of glomerular filtration rate

A

1 hydrostatic pressure
2 colloid pressure (opposing)
3 capsule fluid pressure

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17
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure on filtration

A

capillary BP is 55mmHg (favors filtration INTO bowman’s)

-pressure decreases the further out it travels (but remains higher than opposing pressure)

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18
Q

Colloid Pressure

A

avg pressure is 30 mmHg

  • favors mvmt back into capillaries
  • pressure is higher than fluid in bowman’s cap bc of proteins in plasma
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19
Q

Fluid Pressure

A

avg is 15 mmHg

opposes mvmt into capsule

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20
Q

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

A

Hydrostat pressure - (colloid osmitic pressure) - (fluid pressure)

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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

2 Influences

A

1 net filtration pressure (hydrostat-colloid-fluid)

2 filtration coefficient (surface area of filtration + filtration slits)

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22
Q

main driving force for renal absorption is___

A

__active transport of Na

-Na is reabsorbed, water follows, permeable solutes follow

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23
Q

saturation

A

max rate of transport when all available carriers are occupied by substrate

-past saturation means excess solutes cannot be reabsorbed bc all spots are taken

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24
Q

Transport Maximum

A

transport rate at saturation

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25
Glucosuria.Glycosuria
-rare disorder in which glucose is secreted in urine
26
Diuress
removal of excess water by urination
27
water reabsorption controls __
___urine concentration -occurs in renal medulla -absorption of Na and then water follows -
28
Vasopressin
-hormone that regs. water reabsorption by adding water pores on the membrane of the DISTAL TUBULE
29
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is known as
ARGININE VASOPRESSIN AVP
30
aquaporin
stimulated by vasopressin levels in colelcting ducts | -AQP2 are either in vesicles or on membranes
31
Hypothalamus secreted Vasopressin when _____
1 low blood pressure 2 low arterial stretch (due to low blood vol) 3 high osmolarity
32
Osmoreceptors
- stretch sensitive receptors for osmolarity | - fires if less than 280 mOsM
33
Countercurrent Exchange System
- controls heat exchange by bringing vessels closer to gether to transfer heat to cooler veins - moves further apart to release more heat (instead of transferring to veins
34
Renal Countercurrent Multiplier
exchange system of active transport in renal medulla - consists of Loop of Henle + Vasa Recta (peritubular capillaries that run parallel to loop of H) - vasa recta + loop of H run at opposing directions
35
Descending Limb
- only permeable to H2O (moves fr tubules to vasa recta bc of mOsM) - filtrate becomes more concentrated as it goes down bc water moved out, and solutes are left behind
36
Tip of Loop of Henle
-filtrate reaches concentration of up to 1200 mOsM (longer loops have higher mOsM)
37
Ascending Limb
-impermeable to H2O -actively transports Na, K, Cl fr tubule to interstitial fluid (lowers concentration of filtrate fr 1200 to 100 mOsM)
38
response to ingestion of Na
(more Na but no change in vol) 1 vasopressin secretion, renal H2O reabsorption 2 thirst, H2O intake, increase in ECF vol (kidneys secrete Na + H2O; inc in BP
39
Aldosterone
adrenal cortex hormone that regs Na reabsorption -increases activity of Na K ATPase channels - targets last third os distal tubules+ collecting ducts - targets P cells
40
2 Aldosterone stimuli
1 high ECF K concentration | 2 low BP (initiates Renin-Angiotensin Pathway)
41
Renin Angiotensin Pathway
-stim by low BP, granular cells produce RENIN enzyme, Renin + Angiotensin makes ANG I, w/ACE makes ANG II, acts on adrenal cortex to secrete ALDOSTERONE, Na reabsorption increased, higher col + maintain mOsM
42
ANG II
1 arterioles vasoconstrict 2 medulla oblangata-cardiovasc response - inc BP 3 hypothalasmus - inc in VASOPRESSIN + THIRST 4 prox.tubule - Na reabsorp, (water follows)
43
Natriuretic Peptides
- promotes Na + H2O secretion - lowers BP + B vol - anatogonist to RAS pathway - produced in myocardial cells
44
K levels
in ECF, 2% in plasma, 3.5-5 mEq/L - reabsorbed in ascending limb + prox tubule - secreted in collecting duct
45
ACIDOSIS/ALKALOSIS excitability
- acidosis - less excitable, cns depression, coma | - alkalosis, more excitable, tingling/numbness/twitches, tetanus, paralyze respiratory muscles
46
BUFFERS
molecules that change pH by combining w/ releasing H -in cells, proteins + phosphate ions in plasma, hemoglobulin
47
pH regulation
1 buffers 2 ventilation (hypovent, inc in CO2, acidosis) 3 kidneys
48
renal handling of pH
prox.tubule secretes H, reabsorbs HCO3 Na
49
high H, high HCO3
resp. acidosis
50
high H, low HCO3
metab acidosis
51
low H, low HCO3
resp alkalosis
52
low H, high HCO3
metab alkalosis
53
Enteric Nervous System
carries out reflex w/o CNS control | -contains intrinsic neurons, extrinsic neurons, neurotransmitters, glial cells, diffusion barrier, integrating center
54
Intrinsic Neurons
lie w/in wall of gut
55
Extrinsic Neurons
autonomic neurons that bring signals fr CNS to digestice system
56
Neurotransmitter | aka nonadrenergenic/noncholinergic
serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide not like traditional neurotransmitters like norepinephone or acetylcholine
57
Glial Cells
similar to CNS' astroglia
58
Diffusion Barrier
capillaries that surroung ganglia are not v permeable
59
Integration Center
neuron network in ENS
60
SHORT REFLEX
- originate +integrated w/in ENS - submucosal plexus controls secretion of GI epithelial cells - myenteric plexus in muscularis externa control motility
61
LONG REFLEX
- sends sensory info to CNS | - receives input fr CNS thru autonomic neurons
62
Cephalic Reflex
type of long reflex that originate outside of digestive system - ex feedforward reflex of seeing food, then stomach prepares for food or emo reflex like traveler's constipation
63
GI Peptides
acts as hormone/paracrine signals | -either excite/inhibit secretion + motility
64
Cholecytokinin CCK
enhances satiety in brain
65
Ghrelin
acts on brian to increase food intake
66
GI Hormone Families
1 Gastrin 2 Secretin 3 Misc
67
Gastrin Family
gastring | CCK
68
Secretin Family
secretin vasoactive intestinal peptide glucose dependant insulinotropic peptide glucagon-like peptide
69
Glucose-Dependant Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)
stimulates insulin release in response to glucose in intestinal lumen
70
Glucagon- Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)
acts w GIP as feedforward signal for insulin release
71
Misc Family of GI Hormones
MOTILIN (increase leads to increase in migrating motor complex)
72
4 functions of saliva
1 soften + moisten food 2 digestion of starch (salivary amylase) 3 taste 4 defense (lysozome, immunoglobulin, physically washes teeth)
73
Saliva secretion
exocrine, parasymph secretion 1. 5 L/day - clusters of ACINI cells are secretory glands
74
3 Salivary Glands
1 Parotid Glands (watery soln. of enzymes) 2 Sublingual Glands (mucus-rich) 3 Submandibular Glands (mucus + enzymes)
75
G Cells
gastric gland cell | -secretes GASTRIN
76
Gastrin
- promotes acid release - stim by distension of stomach, GASTRIN-RELEASING HORM (ENS neurotransmitter), parasym neuron fr vagus nerve -targets parietal cells + histamine release
77
Parietal Cells
secrete gastric acid (HCl) into lumen of stomach | -pH is as low as 1
78
HCl functions in stomach
1 causes release/activation of PEPSIN 2 triggers D cells to release SOMATOSTATIN 3 HCl denatures proteins (breaks down disulfide + H bonds) 4 kills bacteria, ingests microorgs 5 inactivates salivary amylase
79
PEPSIN
secreted by chief cells as PEPSINOGEN and then activated by pH in sotmach
80
GASTRIC LIPASE
- co secreted w pepsin | - breaks down triglycerides
81
Paracrine Secretions
1 Histamine 2 Intrinsic Factor 3 Somatostatin (aka Hypothalamic Growth Horm)
82
Histamine
secreted by enterochromaffin-like cells in response to GASTRIN or ACETYLCHOLINE -combines w H2 receptors on parietal lands to release acid
83
Intrinsic Factor
secreted by parietal cells | -combines w B12 so that intestines can absorb it
84
Somatostasin
secreted by D cells - primary neg. feedback signal for Gastric Phase secretion - shuts down acid secretion by lowering gastrin, pepsinogen, + histamine secretion
85
Mucous Cells
on luminal surface + neck of gastric glands - secreted mucus-bicarbonate barrier to protect lumen fr acid - HCO3 acts as buffer
86
Intestinal Phase
- occurs once chyme passes into SM. intestines | - parasymph + GI horm (GASTRIN + CCK) promotes intestinal motility
87
5 Intestinal Secretions
``` 1 Digestive Enzyme 2 Bile (fat digestion) 3 Bicarbonate Secretion (buffer) 4 Mucus (lube) 5 Isotonic NaCl (lube) ```
88
Bile
- produced by liver, secreted by gallbladder | - nonenzymatic soln that helps w fat digestion
89
Pancreas | Endocrine Secretion
islets secrete insulin + glucagon
90
Pancreas | Exocrine Secretion
- secretes digestive enzyme, Na Bicarbonate, | - contains lobules called ACINI that empties into DUODENUM
91
zymogen
inactive enzymes
92
Trypsin
Trypsinogen combines w enzyme ENTEROPEPTIDASE to activate --trypsin then convers other pancreatic zymogens into active form
93
Bile Components
1 Bile Salt (facilitates enzymatic fat digestion) 2 Bile pigments/Bilibrubin 3 Cholesterol
94
Bile
breaks down fat droplets into smaller parts for easy digestion
95
Lipase
enzymes that remove 2 fatty acids fr triglycerides | -results w MONOGLYCERIDE + 2 fatty acids
96
Colipase
-displaces bile salts allowing lipase to access fats inside bile salt coating (bc lipase cant break down bile salts0
97
Micelles
cholesterol coalasce to enter aqueous later of brush border

PHYS 261 (4 decks)

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