Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYS 261 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Embryo

A

0-8 weeks of dvlpt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fetus

A

8 weeks - birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sex organ 3 sets of structure

A

1 gonads
2 internal organs
3 external organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gonads

A

organs that produce gametes TESTES (sperm) OVARIES (ova)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Germ

A

undifferentiated gonads that will produce gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Internal Genitalia

A

consists of accesory glands and ducts that connect gonads to external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

External Genitalia

A

all external reproductive structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haploid

A

eggs + sperms are haploid with 22 chromosomes + 1 sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sex chromossomes

A 
XX - fem
XY - male
XO - turner syndr fem
YO - unable to survive
XXY - male
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Barr Body

A

when a female develops ovaries, one of the X chromosomes becomes inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bipotential

A

before sex organs have morphologically differentiated, they are called bipotential
-has outer cortex and inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bipotential differentiation

A

w/ signal, medulla turns into testis

w/o signal, cortex turns into ovarian tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bipotential Internal genitalias’ accessory ducts

A 
Wolffian Ducts (embryonic kidney)
Mullerian Ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SRY gene

A

Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome
sex determination depends on the absence or presence of the SRY gene

  • presence > testis
  • absence > ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Male Embryonic Development

A

1 SRY produces TESTIS-DETERMINING FACTOR (TDF)
2 TDF binds w DNA to produce multiple proteins
3 proteins cause GONAD MEDULLA to differentiate into TESTIS
4 TESTIS secrete 3 hormones:
(Sertoli Cells secrete Anti-Mullerian Hormones)
(Interstitial (Leydig) Cells secrete Testosterone + Dihydrotestosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Androgen hormones secreted by Testicular Interstitial Cells

A

testosterone + dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

A

secreted by Testicular Sertoli Cells + ovarian follicles’s granulosa cells

  • causes embryonic Mullerian ducts to regress
  • in women, acts as as a brake to keep to many follicles fr developing at one time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TESTOSTERONE in male dvlpt.

A
  • converts Wolffian ducts into epididymis, vas deferens, + seminal vesicles
  • migration of testes from abdomen into the scrotum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DHT in male dvlpt.

A

-differentiation of external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Female Embryonic Dvlpt.

A

1 Cortext of bipotential gonad develops into ovarian tissue
2 Mullerian ducts develop into upper portion of vagina, uterus, + fallopian tubes
3 Wolffian ducts degenerate
4 external genitalia take on female characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MEIOSIS

A

cell division that forms gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spermatogonia

A
  • germ cell w/2n or 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

- during puberty, some undergoes Mitosis (makes spermatogonia), and others unergo Meosis (makes primary spermatocyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Mitosis: Spermatogonia>primary spermatocyte
Meiosis 1: spermatocyte>2 secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis 2: 2 spermatocyte> 4 spermatids
Maturation: 4 spermatid>4 sperm cell (w/1n)

  • each primary spermatocyte creates 4 sperms
  • takes about 64 days to complete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spermatid

A

haploid which means 23 single chromosomes or “1n”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

OOgonia

A

germ cell that completes mitosis + DNA replication by end of 5th month of fetal development
-results in primary oocytes (2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary Oocytes

A

At brth, each ovary contains about half a million Primary Oocytes
-no longer undergoes mitosis, no additional oocytes are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oogenesis

A

Meiosis: Primary Oocyte> large SECONDARY OOCYTE + small FIRST POLAR BODY
(each has 1n. 1st polar body disintegrates)
-entry of sperm induces 2nd Meiosis
Meiosis 2/Ovulation: Secondary Oocyte>Ovum+2nd Polar Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sex Steroids/Hormones

A

Androgen,
Estrogen,
Progesterone

-fr hypothalamus + ant. pituirary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Testosterone

A
  • secreted by testis + 5% fr adrenal cortx

- in peripheral tissues, its converted into DHT (more potent derivative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DHT

A

potent derivative of testosterone

-results in physiological effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Aromatase

A
  • Enzyme produced in testis + ovaries

- converts androgens to estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Estogen + Progesterone

A

made in ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sex Hormone Pathway

A

1 Gpnadotropin-Releasing Horm (fr hypothal tp)
2 gonadotropins: FOLLICLE-STIM HORM + LUTENEIZING HORM (fr ant.pit)
3 FSH initiates ovulation; LH acts on endocrine cells to stim production of sex steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sex Hormone Feedback Pathway

A

high levels of gonadotropins inhibit further release of GnRH, FSH, LH
-except high levels of Estrogen which can exert pos. or neg. feedback ( low levels have no effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Endrogen Feedback Pathway

A

high levels - either pos. or neg feedback
low levels - no feedback
moderate levels - neg. feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A
  • released fr hypothalamus to stim ant. pit to release FHS + LH
  • absence of GnRH inhibits sexual amturation
  • tonic release occurs in small pulses every 1-3 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

GnRH Pulse Generator

A
  • region in the hypothalamus that coordinates w coordinates the pulsation GnRH release
  • contains neurons secreting KISSPEPTIN +other peptides that stim the pulse/release of GnRH
  • if steady release, then children will fail to mature bc high levels cause donw-regulation of receptors making pituitary unable to respond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cryptochidism

A

failure of one or both testes to descend

-if left untreated, 80% descend later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Male accessory glands

A

1 Prostate Gland
2 Seminal Vesicles
3 Bulbourethral Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Prostate Gland

A

-fetal dvlpt is under control of Dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

TESTES ANATOMY

A
  • Scrotal Cavity
  • Seminiferous Tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • masses of coiled tubes in the testes which is 80% of testicular mass
  • site of sperm production
  • contains 2 types of cells :Sertoli + Spermatogonia
  • leaves the testis by becoming joining the epididymis which becomes vas deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Epidedymis

A
  • single duct that forms tightly coiled cord on the surface of testicular capsule
  • becomes VAS DEFERENS as it extends away from the testis
45
Q

Vas Deferens

A

originates fr. epidedymis of testis, passes into abdoment, and empties into urethra

46
Q

Sertoli Cells

A
  • in seminiferous tubules (of testis)
  • extends fr basal lamina side to apical side for support and protection
  • regulate sperm dvlpt. by providing sustenance + nourishment for developing spermatogonia
  • junction forms BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER
47
Q

3 compartments of Testis

A

1 tubule lumen
2 basal compartment (on basolateral side of sertoli)
3 interstitial fluid (outside of basal lamina)

compartments are created by basal lamina + tight junctions of sertoli cells

48
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) Cells

A
  • located in the interstitial tissue between seminifurous tubules
  • secrete testosterone; converts testosterone to estradiol sometimes
  • active in the fetus to develope male characteristics, becomes inactive at birth, then reactivates during puberty
49
Q

sperm production

A
  • spermatogonia are clustered near basal ends of sertoli
  • some undergo mitosis to become spermatocytes, some stay where they are to create more germ cells
  • as spermatocyte differentiate into sperm, they move inwards but still surrounded by sertoli
  • spermatids remain embedded on apical side of sertoli
  • when sperm lose most of their cytoplasm, they are mobile and leave the apical membrane
50
Q

Hormones of Spermatogenesis

A
  • GnRH fr hypothalamus. targets release of LH +FSH
  • LH + FSH fr ant.pit.
  • LH targets Interstitial Cells (to produce testosterone for spermatogenesis)
  • FSH targets Sertoli to synthesize paracrine moles needed for mitosis + spermatogenesis, production of androgen-binding protein, + inhibin
51
Q

Seminiferous Secretion

A

sperm

52
Q

Bulbourethral Secretion

A

mucus (as lubricant

53
Q

Seminal Vesicles Secretion

A

nutrients (fructose, vit c), enzymes (clot semen in vagina, then liquify the clot), prostaglandis (smooth muscle contraction, aids in sperm transport)

54
Q

Prostate Secretion

A

enzymes that clot semen in vagina and liquify clot.

citric acide

55
Q

Empididymis Secretion

A

Carnitine

56
Q

Androgen’s Primary Sex Characteristics

A

internal secual organs, external genitalia that distinguish male fr female

57
Q

Androgen’s Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

male body shape (inverted triangle), beard, body hair, muscle dvlpt, thickening of vocal chords, libido

58
Q

Ovaries

A
  • produces eggs + hormones
  • thick outer cortex willed w ovarian follicles in various staged of dvlpt)
  • small central medulla contains nerves + blood vessels
59
Q

Stroma

A

inner connective framework on ovaries

60
Q

Granulosa Cell

A
  • single layer surrounds each primary oocyte
  • increases in number at different stages until it dies via Atresia
  • enclosed in basal lamina
61
Q

Primordial Follicle

A

-precursor to primary follicle which has a single layer of granulosa cells

62
Q

Atresia

A
  • hormone regulated cell death

- primordial cells usually undergo atresia and never develop

63
Q

Primary Follicles

A
  • slowly develops fr primordial follicles

- oocyte enlargens +granulosa cells begin to divide (but remain a single layer in primary stage)

64
Q

Secondary Follicles

A
  • develops fr primary fol.
  • has granulosa cell layer and THECA CELL LAYER
  • granulosa begins to secrete fluid that collects in ANTRUM (central cavity)
65
Q

Antral Fluid

A

found in central cavity of ovaries

-contains hormones + enzymes needed for ovulation

66
Q

Tertiary Follicles

A

-fr pool of tert. follicles, only a few survive to reach the final growth stages

67
Q

Dominant Follice

A
  • usually only 1 follicle develops to release its egg

- fr secondary follicle to dominant follice takes about 3+ months

68
Q

Ovarian Cycle Stages

A

1 Follicular Phase - follicular growth (10-20 days)
2 Ovulation - once 1+ follicles have ripened, ovary releases oocyte
3 Luteal Phase - transformation of ruptured follicle into CORPUS LUTEUM (secreted hormones that continue prep for pregnancy. if not pregnant after 2 weeks, then cease to function)

69
Q

Uterine Cycle Stages

A

1 Menses - menstrual bleeding
2 Proliferative Phase - (latter part of follicular phase) endometrium adds a new layer of cells in anticipation of pregnancy
3 Secretory Phase - (after ovulation) hormones fr luteum convert thickened endothelium into secretory structures

70
Q

Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle

A

-GnRH , FSH, LH, Estrogen (dominant in follicular phase), Progesteron, inhibin, AMH (fr ovary)

71
Q

Early Follicular Phase

A
  • begins @ first day of menstruation
  • just before this cycle, there was an increase in FSH + LH release
  • FSH causes tertiary follicles begin to mature
  • AMH decrease follicle-sensitivity to FSH
  • thecal cells synthesize androgens into estrogen (w enzyme aromatase)
  • estrogen exerts neg feedback to decrease secretion of FSH LH
  • estrogen exerts pos feedback on granulosa cells to produce more estrogen
  • menstruation ends during early follicular phase
72
Q

Mid-Late Follicular Phase

A
  • by this point, only 1 follicle is still developing
  • as follicular phase nears its end, estrogen secretion peaks, rising level of progesterone, LH surge, FSH increases lightly
  • LH surge triggers chem signals for meiotic division
73
Q

Ovulation

A
  • occurs 16-24 hrs after LH peaks
  • mature follicle secretes PROSTGLANDINS that contributes to wall rupturing + MATRIZ METALLOPROTEINASES that dissolve collagen + other components holding follicular cells together
  • release of antral fluid + egg is swept into fallopian tube to be fertilized or to die
74
Q

Early-Mid Luteal Phase

A
  • thecal cells migrate into antral space to join granulosa cells
  • LUTEINIZATION morphs the 2 cells into corpus luteum
  • luteal cells accumulate lipid droplets +glycogen granules
  • luteal cells begin to secrete progesterone, estrogen, + inhibin
  • estrogen + progesterone shut off ant.pit
75
Q

Late Luteal Phase + Menstruation

A
  • corpus luteum has intrinsic lifespan of 12 days; if pregnancy doesnt occur, corpus luteum dies
  • decrease in estrogen + progesterone, leads to increase in FSH LH
  • remnants of corpus luteum becomes CORPUS ALBICANS
  • 14 days after ovulation, endometrium begins to slough off its surface layer (menstruation)
76
Q

Hormones Female Characteristic

A

Primary characteristics - affected by estrogen

Secondary characteristics - Estrogen (breast + hips), Androgen (pubic + axillary hair, libido)

77
Q

Erection Reflex

A

spinal reflex that is subject to control fr higher centers in the brain

  • triggered by tactile + psychological stimuli
  • inhibits vasocontrictive sympathetic input on penile arteriole
78
Q

Maintaining an Erection

A
  • increased parasymph nervous system produces Nitric Oxide
  • N.O. dilates penile arteriole, allowing blood flow to open spaces in erectile tissue, which passively compresses the veins, + traps blood
79
Q

Emission

A

mvmt of semen fr vas deferens into urethra

80
Q

Tubal Ligation/Vasectomy

A

tying off/cutting fallopian tubes
or
vas deferens is tied or clipped

81
Q

Parturition

A

the birth process

82
Q

Capacitation

A

final maturation step which enables the sperm to swim rapidly and fertilize the egg

  • involves changes in lipids and proteins of the sperm head membrane
  • normally takes place in female reproductive tract
83
Q

time length of viability of sperm and egg

A

sperm is viable for 5-6 days.

egg can be fertilized for 12-24 hours after ovulation

84
Q

Fertilization

A

-takes place in distal fallobian tube
1 ACROSOMAL RXN sperm penetrates Corona Radiata + Zona Pellucia
2 CORTICAL RXN first sperm in binds to receptors to prevent others fr penetrating
3 fused section of sperm + egg membrane opens + sperm nucleus sinks into cell’s cytoplasm. signals cell to to complete final SECOND MEISOSIS.
4 zygote nucleus w 23 chrom fr mom + 23 chrom fr dad

85
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

inner protective glycoprotein coat underneath corona radiata

86
Q

Corona Radiata

A

loosely connected granulosa cells outside of egg

87
Q

ACROSOMAL REACTION

A

-part of fertilization i which sperm secreted power enzymes thru its acrosome to break through the layers of the egg

88
Q

CORTICAL RXN

A

membrane bound cortical granules in peripheral cytoplasm of the egg release their contents into space just outside of the egg membrane
-alters membrane + zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy

89
Q

Polyspermy

A

more than one sperm fertilized the egg

90
Q

GESTATION PERIOD

A

period in the womb/uterus.

once egg is fertilized + becomes a zygote, it beings mitosis as it slowly moves along the fallopian tube to uterus.

91
Q

Embryo Dvlpt.

A

1 dividing embryo takes 4-5 days to move fr fallopian to uterine cavity
2 embryo is a blastocyst when it reaches the uterus

92
Q

Blastocyst

A

hollow ball of about 100 cells

  • some of outer layer will become CHORION
  • inner layer will become embryo + 3 other embryonic membranes
93
Q

Chorion

A

extraembryonic membrane that will enclose the embryo and form the placenta

94
Q

embryonic membranes

A

1 AMNION secretes amniotic fluid in which embryo will float in
2 ALLANTOIS becomes umbilical cord
3 YOLK SAC which degenerates early in dvlpt

95
Q

implantation of blastocyte

A
  • 7 days after fertilization
  • blastocyte secretes enzymes that allow it to invade the endometrium
  • endometrial cells grow out around the blastocyte until it is fully engulfed
96
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

made of cells that will become placenta

-forms fingerlike extensions that penetrate around endometrium to allow mothers blood to pool

97
Q

Placenta Hormones

A
  • prevents menstruation during pregnancy
  • human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, estrogen (milk-ducts), progesterone (prevents contraction)
98
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A
  • keeps corpus luteum active during early pregnancy
  • secreted by chorionic villi, binds to LH receptors
  • stimulates testosterone production by developing testes
99
Q

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS)

A
  • peptide hormone produced by placenta
  • alters mom’s glucose + fatty acid metabolism to support fetal growth
  • 4% of women develop gestational diabetes mellitus
100
Q

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

A

elevated blood glucose levels caused by insulin resistance

  • after birth, GDM returns to normal
  • moms + bbs are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later
101
Q

Lactation

A

-estrogen contributes to dvlpt of milk secreting ducts

102
Q

Labor

A
  • begins parturition
  • rhythmic contraction of uterus that push the fetus out
  • possible trigger is Oxytocin
  • possible trigger is fetus secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone
103
Q

Pre-Labor

A

days prior- cervix soften; ligaments holding pelvic bones together loosen as enzymes destabilize collagen in connective tissue (maybe due to estrogen or relaxin)

104
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • produced in uterus in response to oxytocin + CRH

- effective at causing uterine muscle contractions

105
Q

Mammary Gland

A
  • 15-20 milk-secreting lobes that branch into lobules, then terminate into clusters of acini/alveoli
  • contractile MYOEPITHELIUM surrounds the alveoli
  • develops under estrogen, GH, + cortisol
106
Q

estrogen + progesteron inhibit secretion of

A

milk

107
Q

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone

A

fr hypothalamus; targets ant.pit

  • during late staged of pregnancy, PIH falls, which causes prolactin to rise 10fold
  • suckling inhibits PIH secretion
108
Q

LET-DOWN REFLEX

A

ejection of milk fr glands requires Oxytocin fr post.pit.

PHYS 261 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions