Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
.Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth
Northwest Passage
believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic toPacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth
Conversion Experience
required of members of the PuritanChurch; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
Social Reciprocity
society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
Church of England
Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty
Atlantic slave trade
often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River
John Smith
introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony,sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had foughtSpanish and Turks
Pocahontas
key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
Mayflower Compact
foundation for self-government laid out bythe first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
John Winthrop
Calvinist, devised concept of “city on a hill” (“AModel of Christian Charity”); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
“City on a Hill”
exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
Indentured servants
settlers to pay the expenses of a servant’svoyage and be granted land for each person they brought over headright system
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
mandated thetoleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even thoughMaryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
James I, Charles I
reluctant to give colonists their owngovernment, preferred to appoint royal governors
William Penn and the Quakers
settled in Pennsylvania, believedthe “Inner Light” could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
Roger Williams
challenged New Englanders to completelyseparate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church RI
Anne Hutchinson
challenged New England Calvinist ministers’authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
Bacon’s Rebellion
rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans Independence (1763-1789)
Navigation Acts
only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
Mercantilism
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; toorestrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
Charles II, James II
tried to rule as absolute monarchs withoutusing Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
William and Mary
ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
Dominion of New England
combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one “supercolony” governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a “super governor”
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary kicked James II outof England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
James Oglethorpe
established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
The Enlightenment
emphasis on human reason, logic, andscience (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
Benjamin Franklin
connected the colonies to Britain, opposed tounnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
The Great Awakening
began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overallreligious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and moreministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
Deists
believed that God created the universe to act throughnatural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
George Whitefield
powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
Jonathan Edwards
Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights brought new ideas,rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other
Albany Plan of Union
colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, “Grand Council”); never took effect
French and Indian War
French threat at the borders was nolonger present, therefore the colonies didn’t need English protection;more independent stand against Britain
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian,restriction on colonial growth
Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
Writs of Assistance
search warrants on shipping to reducesmuggling; challenged by James Otis
Townshend Act (1767)
similar to Navigatio; raised money to paycolonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
Sugar Act
increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attemptedto harder enforce existing tariffs
Stamp Act
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,not approved by colonists through their representatives
Stamp Act Congress
held in New York, agreed to not importBritish goods until Stamp Act was repealed
Virginia Resolves
“no taxation without representation,”introduced by Patrick Henry
Currency Act
prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,destabilized colonial economy
Virtual Representation
all English subjects are represented inParliament, including those not allowed to vote
The Loyal Nine
group of Bostonians in opposition to the StampAct, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
Sons of Liberty
organized and controlled resistance againstParliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated non importation
Declaratory Act
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists’ say
Boston Massacre
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowballfight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
Committees of Correspondence
committees appointed fromdifferent colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
Tea Act (1773)
intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than throughwholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
Boston Tea Party
peaceful destruction of British tea in BostonHarbor by colonists disguised as Indians
Quebec Acts
former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep
Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in theChurch of England
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in thename of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
Suffolk Resolves
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
Olive Branch Petition
politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
stressed to the American peopleBritish maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
George Washington
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedentsfor future presidents, put down WhiskeyRebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidentialcabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
Whigs (Patriots)
most numerous in New England, fought for independence
Tories (Loyalists)
fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
British strengths and weaknesses(Revolutionary War)
British citizenshipoutnumbered colonies’, large navy and professional army; exhaustedresources (Hessians hired), national debt
Colonial strengths and weaknesses
fair amount of troops,short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington);nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
Battle of Saratoga
American general Horatio Gates wasvictorious over British general Burgoyne
Valley Forge
scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
Battle of Yorktown
last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, ledKing George III to officially make peace with the colonies
Treaty of Paris (1783)
full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
American society during the Revolution
British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money,African-Americans and Native Americans involved
Articles of Confederation
states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme(lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories
Alexander Hamilton
pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume statedebts), pushed creation of the National Bank (mostcontroversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party
James Madison
strong central government, separation of powers,“extended republic”
Shays’s Rebellion
mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government
Connecticut Compromise
advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state andrepresentation in the House based on population
Virginia Plan
bicameral congressional representation based on population
New Jersey Plan
equal representation in unicameral congress
Commerce Compromise
congress could tax imports but not exports
Federalism
strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances,amendable constitution
Changes in the Constitution from the Articles
stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority
vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federalcourts, easier amendment process
Articles’ achievement
system for orderly settlement of West
Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”)
gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights, bill of rights,unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strongcentral government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights
The Federalist Papers
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, andMadison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)
Judiciary Act of 1789
established federal district courts thatfollowed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights
Bill of Rights
protected rights of individual from the power of the central government
Bank of the United States
Hamilton’s plan to solveRevolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
Report on Public Credit
proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of statedebts, set up the first National Bank
Report on Manufactures (tariffs
Hamilton praised efficientfactories with few managers over many workers, promoteemigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology
Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
looseinterpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress
Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent
Impressment
British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain
Jay’s Treaty
provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes
Nullification
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional
Federalists and Republicans
the two political parties that formedfollowing Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger centralgovernment, Republicans for stronger state governments
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned against permanentforeign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,established precedent of two-term presidency
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
response to French attemptsfor alliance with US
XYZ Affair
French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribein order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people
Alien and Sedition Acts
meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
argued that states had theright to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional
12th Amendment
required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet – Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation bycreating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which wasdirected to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine
Second Great Awakening
emphasis on personal salvation,emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;nationalism (Manifest Destiny) Jefferson’s Administration and Growth of Nationalism(1800-1820)
Election of 1800
Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost,Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists tovote for Jefferson to break the tie
Barbary Pirates
North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtainedfees from most European powers
Midnight judges
judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams inthe last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson,Marshall among those appointed
Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional
Lewis and Clark expedition
Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on“Voyage of Discovery”
Non-Intercourse Act
sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing
Macon’s Bill No. 2
president has power to cease trade with anyforeign country that violated American neutrality
Embargo Act (1807)
prohibited exports (and imports) based inAmerican ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation
War hawks
Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)
Henry Clay and the American System
Henry Clay aimed tomake the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., supportinternal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avidSouthern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property
William Henry Harrison
military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler
Battle of Tippecanoe
decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for presidency
Hartford Convention
December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered nextto those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party• Essex case – Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap Britishimports, tightened credit, affected West the most)
James Monroe
provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Maine as free state, Missouri asslave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’Tallmadge Amendment – no further introduction of slaves intoMissouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
agreement between US and Britain toremove armed fleets from the Great Lakes
Adams-Onis Treaty
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
Monroe Doctrine
Europeans should not interfere with affairs inWestern Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas
Age of Jackson (1820-1850)
Jackson Presidency
Panic of 1819
Bank tightened loan policies, depression rosethroughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly
Election of 1824
“corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQAdams to win over Jackson
Tariff of Abominations
under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff,South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jacksonappear to advocate free trade
.Jackson’s Presidency
focused on the “Common Man;” removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto
Transportation Revolution
river traffic, roadbuilding, canals(esp. Erie), rise of NYC• Erie Canal – goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways• National Road – part of transportation revolution, fromCumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network;stimulated Western expansion
Indian Removal Act
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indiantribes in the Louisiana Territory• Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles;“civilized” due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
Trail of Tears”
Cherokee tribe forced to move fromsouthern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
first attempt of Cherokees togain complete sovereign rule over their nation
Worcester v. Georgia
Georgia cannot enforce American lawson Indian tribes
Spoils System
“rotation in office;” Jackson felt that one should spend a single termin office and return to private citizenship, thosewho held power too long would become corrupt and politicalappointments made by new officials was essential for democracy• Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson used personal friends as unofficialadvisors over his official cabinet
Lowell mill/system
young women employed by Lowell’s textile company, housed in dormitories
Cotton Gin
allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, more need for slaves
Nullification Controversy
southern states (especially SouthCarolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal lawsunconstitutional and therefore not enforce them• South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by Calhoun,regarding tariff nullification
Bank of the United States
destroyed by Jackson on the groundsthat it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution
wild cat banks
mall state banks set up by Jackson to keep federalfunds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury
Liberty Party
supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society
Whig Party
believed in expanding federal power on economy,encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on thelocal level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner
Marshall Court (all cases
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v.Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, statescannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstatecommerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contractcannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent)
Second Great Awakening
religious movements, traveling“meetings,” rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G.Finney
Horace Mann
worked to reform the American education system,abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery),fought for feminist movement (“Am I not awoman and a sister”picture of slave woman
Frederick Douglass
runaway slave, well-known speaker on thecondition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips,founder of The North Star
.Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
for women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requestsafter the Declaration of Independence
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized Seneca Falls Convention,founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization
Angelina and Sarah Grimké
fought for women’s rights and abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!”
Dorothea Dix
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane,worked alongside Mann
John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
John Noyes, NewYork; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage New Harmony – first Utopian society, by Robert Owen
Hudson River School
American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
Transcendentalism
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis onspiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strongreferences to nature• Ralph Waldo Emerson – in Brook Farm Community, literarynationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God andfreedom), wrote “The American Scholar”• Henry David Thoreau(Wa l d e n and On Civil Disobedience)– in Brook FarmCommunity, lived in seclusion for two years writingWalden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nat Turner led a slave rebellion inVirginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholdingVirginians to consider emancipation
Yeoman Farmers
family farmers who hired out slaves for theharvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local marketsalongside slave owners
Underground Railroad
network of safe houses of whiteabolitionists used to bring slaves to freedomHarriet Tubman – worked alongside Josiah Henson to makerepeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom
“Wage slaves”
northern factory workers who were discardedwhen too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
Nativism
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
The Alamo
Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio),Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo”• Stephen Austin – American who settled in Texas, one of theleaders for Texan independence from Mexico
James K. Polk
“dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquiredmajority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation,Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight
Oregon Territoryowned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced tosettle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’
Manifest Destiny
stated the United States was destined to spanthe breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible,advocated by Polk
