Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
Style
Formal, informal, etc
Register
Specific language practices of a group. You have to be socialized into it
Examples of register
Legal, linguistics
Genre
the notion that focuses on text type not social situation. can act as a template for communicating certain kinds of knowledge and experience
Examples of genre
Recipes, personal ads
Ideologies and attitudes about rhotic and nonrhotic
NR can be aristocratic in southern politicians but negative connotations with the working class north
Breaking
mono into dip (1 vowel becomes 2)
Diphthong
two vowel sounds in one syllable
Monophthong
one vowel sound in a syllable
Phonetic E and I shapes
Used in pen pin merger
[aI] or [aj]
[aI] is mono, this is breaking into a diphthong
[a]
Θ
T or F sound, voiceless fricative, spelled as th
Swirly thing
D or v, voiced interdental fricative, spelled as th
Substrate and superstate languages
related to creoles
Linguistic landscape
the standard for the area and the markers for a specific place, like roadsigns and street names
Code switching
like spanglish
Multilingual discourse
Marked and unmarked choice
in classes, the unmarked choice is the standard
Simplex social networks
we only talk during basketball practice
Multiplex social networks
group tied together in more than one way, like class and sports team and church friends
Dense social network
person A interacts with BCDE who also interact with each other
Loose social network
person A interacts with person B and D separately, with no interaction amongst B or D
Multicultural London english
example of a new dialect in about 20 years, replacing cockney accent and borrowing from jamaican, hindi, chinese immigrants
Communities of practice
a group with shared beliefs or values that gets together to do something, resulting in power relations. specific greetings, formality, standard vs nonstandard dialect are used here
Perceptual dialectology
ask speakers in a community to divide the area into groups
WASE traits
pin/pen merger, monophthongization, breaking, double modals, second person y’all, “fixin”
AAVE traits
consonant cluster simplification, monophthongization, th replacement/deletion, vocalization/deletion of l and r, devoicing word final consonants, deletion of unstressed Θ in initial syllables, absence of third singular marker s, absence of copula be and use of habitual be
what type of networks reinforce linguistic norms amongst a group and create feelings of identity and solidarity?
dense, multiplex help maintain nonstandard
what are the differences between a pidgin and a creole?
creole has native speakers
examples of creoles
tok pisin - english
haitian reole - french
jamaican - english
What is the difference between pidgins/creoles and interlanguage?
p/c = communities
I = individual
they can share properties
What is diglossia?
multiple languages separated by high and low varieties
H variety
high, in sermons and classes
L variety
low, usually at home
Example of diglossic situations
Arab world
What is the difference between situational and metaphoric code switching?
situational: certain person, group, environment, or location
metaphorical: adopt marked code for the situation (like when you switch out of heritage language to show anger)
ways to define groups
social class, community of practice.
What is standardization
elites start to create social practices favoring one dialect, which becomes expected in education and writing
how does standardization happen
becomes expected and upheld by testing requirements, job interviews, magazine editors, the dictionary
ideologies around the language/dialect distinction
separating based on mutual intelligibility because of political and cultural nationalism. dialect may not be prestigious enough and indicates lack of intelligence whereas language does not. “Language ideologies enforce hierarchies.” language = standard dialect. social class means standard is elite
ideologies around bilingualism
certain languages are more prestigious. the way you learned it influences how it is viewed; educated = elite, immigrant = bad. country of origin and global politics influence ideas, like speaking german in WWII
ideologies around AAE
seen as one of the lowest dialects, like slang. general culture does not have positive ideologies like how southern is kind and hospitable. lower class, associated with criminality, toughness, violence, inner city urban
ideologies around standard edited american english
no personal pronouns in writing. a prestigious goal dialect for education. can be “uppity” if used around friends, but often used in the classroom. may have differences in opinion over grammatical issues such as the oxford comma. no change wanted, no variation wanted
ideologies around language change
its bad. should not change. bad to change. current state is how it always was and how it always should be. evolving means we lose beauty and value
