Midterm Study Guide

Question 1

Style

Answer 1

Formal, informal, etc

Question 2

Register

Answer 2

Specific language practices of a group. You have to be socialized into it

Question 3

Examples of register

Answer 3

Legal, linguistics

Question 4

Genre

Answer 4

the notion that focuses on text type not social situation. can act as a template for communicating certain kinds of knowledge and experience

Question 5

Examples of genre

Answer 5

Recipes, personal ads

Question 6

Ideologies and attitudes about rhotic and nonrhotic

Answer 6

NR can be aristocratic in southern politicians but negative connotations with the working class north

Question 7

Breaking

Answer 7

mono into dip (1 vowel becomes 2)

Question 8

Diphthong

Answer 8

two vowel sounds in one syllable

Question 9

Monophthong

Answer 9

one vowel sound in a syllable

Question 10

Phonetic E and I shapes

Answer 10

Used in pen pin merger

Question 11

[aI] or [aj]

Answer 11

[aI] is mono, this is breaking into a diphthong

Question 12

[a]

Question 13

Θ

Answer 13

T or F sound, voiceless fricative, spelled as th

Question 14

Swirly thing

Answer 14

D or v, voiced interdental fricative, spelled as th

Question 15

Substrate and superstate languages

Answer 15

related to creoles

Question 16

Linguistic landscape

Answer 16

the standard for the area and the markers for a specific place, like roadsigns and street names

Question 17

Code switching

Answer 17

like spanglish

Question 18

Multilingual discourse

Question 19

Marked and unmarked choice

Answer 19

in classes, the unmarked choice is the standard

Question 20

Simplex social networks

Answer 20

we only talk during basketball practice

Question 21

Multiplex social networks

Answer 21

group tied together in more than one way, like class and sports team and church friends

Question 22

Dense social network

Answer 22

person A interacts with BCDE who also interact with each other

Question 23

Loose social network

Answer 23

person A interacts with person B and D separately, with no interaction amongst B or D

Question 24

Multicultural London english

Answer 24

example of a new dialect in about 20 years, replacing cockney accent and borrowing from jamaican, hindi, chinese immigrants

Question 25

Communities of practice

Answer 25

a group with shared beliefs or values that gets together to do something, resulting in power relations. specific greetings, formality, standard vs nonstandard dialect are used here

Question 26

Perceptual dialectology

Answer 26

ask speakers in a community to divide the area into groups

Question 27

WASE traits

Answer 27

pin/pen merger, monophthongization, breaking, double modals, second person y’all, “fixin”

Question 28

AAVE traits

Answer 28

consonant cluster simplification, monophthongization, th replacement/deletion, vocalization/deletion of l and r, devoicing word final consonants, deletion of unstressed Θ in initial syllables, absence of third singular marker s, absence of copula be and use of habitual be

Question 29

what type of networks reinforce linguistic norms amongst a group and create feelings of identity and solidarity?

Answer 29

dense, multiplex help maintain nonstandard

Question 30

what are the differences between a pidgin and a creole?

Answer 30

creole has native speakers

Question 31

examples of creoles

Answer 31

tok pisin - english
haitian reole - french
jamaican - english

Question 32

What is the difference between pidgins/creoles and interlanguage?

Answer 32

p/c = communities
I = individual
they can share properties

Question 33

What is diglossia?

Answer 33

multiple languages separated by high and low varieties

Question 34

H variety

Answer 34

high, in sermons and classes

Question 35

L variety

Answer 35

low, usually at home

Question 36

Example of diglossic situations

Answer 36

Arab world

Question 37

What is the difference between situational and metaphoric code switching?

Answer 37

situational: certain person, group, environment, or location
metaphorical: adopt marked code for the situation (like when you switch out of heritage language to show anger)

Question 38

ways to define groups

Answer 38

social class, community of practice.

Question 39

What is standardization

Answer 39

elites start to create social practices favoring one dialect, which becomes expected in education and writing

Question 40

how does standardization happen

Answer 40

becomes expected and upheld by testing requirements, job interviews, magazine editors, the dictionary

Question 41

ideologies around the language/dialect distinction

Answer 41

separating based on mutual intelligibility because of political and cultural nationalism. dialect may not be prestigious enough and indicates lack of intelligence whereas language does not. “Language ideologies enforce hierarchies.” language = standard dialect. social class means standard is elite

Question 42

ideologies around bilingualism

Answer 42

certain languages are more prestigious. the way you learned it influences how it is viewed; educated = elite, immigrant = bad. country of origin and global politics influence ideas, like speaking german in WWII

Question 43

ideologies around AAE

Answer 43

seen as one of the lowest dialects, like slang. general culture does not have positive ideologies like how southern is kind and hospitable. lower class, associated with criminality, toughness, violence, inner city urban

Question 44

ideologies around standard edited american english

Answer 44

no personal pronouns in writing. a prestigious goal dialect for education. can be “uppity” if used around friends, but often used in the classroom. may have differences in opinion over grammatical issues such as the oxford comma. no change wanted, no variation wanted

Question 45

ideologies around language change

Answer 45

its bad. should not change. bad to change. current state is how it always was and how it always should be. evolving means we lose beauty and value