Groups, Identities, Multicultural

Question 1

language shift

Answer 1

one language becomes dominant

Question 2

language maintenance

Answer 2

immigrant, minority language continues to be spoken alongside the dominant language

Question 3

matched guise experiments

Answer 3

see how people rate the same speaker using one code or another

Question 4

example of match guise experiment

Answer 4

english canadian and french canadian speakers both judge speakers more positively if they spoke english than if they spoke french

Question 5

two codes and there is a clear functional separation between them

Answer 5

diglossia

Question 6

high variety

Answer 6

used for sermons, speeches, lectures, not taught at home but learned in school, prestigious

Question 7

low variety

Answer 7

speaking with family or workers, soap operas, all children acquire it and use it at home

Question 8

language changes according to the situation

Answer 8

situational code switching

Question 9

code switching vs diglossia

Answer 9

similar but situtions in code switching not rigidly defined and do not reinforce difference, where code switching reduces differences

Question 10

choice of code has an affective dimension and carries particular meaning

Answer 10

metaphorical code switching

Question 11

convergence

Answer 11

speakers accommodate by shifting their language more towards the hearer to be viewed favorably

Question 12

divergence

Answer 12

speakers try to create distance

Question 13

expected code

Answer 13

unmarked

Question 14

choosing the unexpected code, with a certain message sent by doing so

Answer 14

marked choice

Question 15

what is the unmarked choice in the home?

Answer 15

the minority langauge

Question 16

what is the unmarked choice in the school?

Answer 16

the dominant language

Question 17

a language that is used by people whose native languages are different in order to facilitate communication between them

Answer 17

lingua franca

Question 18

language that is socially, politically, and economically dominant in a multilingual context

Answer 18

superstrate language

Question 19

native languages of the speakers who contribute to the development of a pidgin/creole

Answer 19

substrate langauges

Question 20

develops in a situation where speakers have no language in common but the superstrate, but only with limited acess

Answer 20

pidgin

Question 21

most common environments for a pidgin to develop

Answer 21

mass migrant labor and increased trade

Question 22

develops when an expanded pidgin becomes a native language

Answer 22

creole

Question 23

non native, simplified language

Answer 23

pidgin

Question 24

native, fully elaborated languages

Answer 24

creole

Question 25

pidgin formation

Answer 25

reduce word and sentence structure, tolerance of pronunciation, reduced number of uses, borrows from others

Question 26

creole formation

Answer 26

expand morphology and syntax, regularize phonology, increase in functions its used in, develop large vocab

Question 27

speaker simplifies their new language at first in an imperfect way

Answer 27

interlanguage

Question 28

the use of certain varieties index undesirable social or individual traits

Answer 28

hegemonic ideologies

Question 29

investigating nonlinguistics ideas about the regions, features, and values of a dialect

Answer 29

perceptual dialectology