Groups, Identities, Multicultural Flashcards
language shift
one language becomes dominant
language maintenance
immigrant, minority language continues to be spoken alongside the dominant language
matched guise experiments
see how people rate the same speaker using one code or another
example of match guise experiment
english canadian and french canadian speakers both judge speakers more positively if they spoke english than if they spoke french
two codes and there is a clear functional separation between them
diglossia
high variety
used for sermons, speeches, lectures, not taught at home but learned in school, prestigious
low variety
speaking with family or workers, soap operas, all children acquire it and use it at home
language changes according to the situation
situational code switching
code switching vs diglossia
similar but situtions in code switching not rigidly defined and do not reinforce difference, where code switching reduces differences
choice of code has an affective dimension and carries particular meaning
metaphorical code switching
convergence
speakers accommodate by shifting their language more towards the hearer to be viewed favorably
divergence
speakers try to create distance
expected code
unmarked
choosing the unexpected code, with a certain message sent by doing so
marked choice
what is the unmarked choice in the home?
the minority langauge
what is the unmarked choice in the school?
the dominant language
a language that is used by people whose native languages are different in order to facilitate communication between them
lingua franca
language that is socially, politically, and economically dominant in a multilingual context
superstrate language
native languages of the speakers who contribute to the development of a pidgin/creole
substrate langauges
develops in a situation where speakers have no language in common but the superstrate, but only with limited acess
pidgin
most common environments for a pidgin to develop
mass migrant labor and increased trade
develops when an expanded pidgin becomes a native language
creole
non native, simplified language
pidgin
native, fully elaborated languages
creole
pidgin formation
reduce word and sentence structure, tolerance of pronunciation, reduced number of uses, borrows from others
creole formation
expand morphology and syntax, regularize phonology, increase in functions its used in, develop large vocab
speaker simplifies their new language at first in an imperfect way
interlanguage
the use of certain varieties index undesirable social or individual traits
hegemonic ideologies
investigating nonlinguistics ideas about the regions, features, and values of a dialect
perceptual dialectology
