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Anatomy & Physiology > Midterm Study Deck > Flashcards

Midterm Study Deck Flashcards

0
Q

Muscular system components and functions

A

Comp: skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle tissue

Function: body movement, maintains posture, produces heat

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1
Q

What are 6 levels of organization?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

Skeletal system components and functions

A

Comp: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

Functions: supports and protects, muscle attachment, produce blood cells, store minerals and lipids.

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3
Q

Nervous system component and functions

A

Comp: brain, spinal chord, nerves, and special sense organs

Functions: regulates body activities

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of All the chemical processes that occur in the body (sum of building up and breaking down)

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5
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to internal and external changes in environment.

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6
Q

Movement

A

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny organelles inside cells

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7
Q

Growth

A

An increase in the body size due to increase in size or number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells

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8
Q

Differentiation

A

The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells

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9
Q

Reproduction

A

The production of a new individual, or the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions necessary for effective functioning and survival

Insures body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside body. It is dynamic.

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11
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms are mainly under the control of:

A

The nervous and endocrine system

Nerve: quick response
Endocrine: slower response

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12
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

Feedback loops. A cycle of events that the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.

Stimulus: Anything that disrupts the controlled condition.

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13
Q

What three components make up the feedback system?

A

Receptor: body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends info called the input to a control center.

Control center: brain sets range of values that should be maintained. Evaluates input and generates output commands when needed.

Effector: a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

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14
Q

Two types of feedback loops:

A

Negative: reverse a change in a controlled situation. Reverse effect of a stimulus

Positive: strengthens a change in a controlled condition. Reinforce conditions that don’t happen often.

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15
Q

Supine position

A

When the body is lying face up

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16
Q

Prone position

A

When the body is lying face down

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17
Q

Body regions: upper limb

A

Attached to the trunk, consist of shoulders, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand.

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18
Q

Lower limb:

A

Attached to the trunk, consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot

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19
Q

Trunk:

A

Chest, abdomen, pelvis

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20
Q

Head:

A

Skull and face

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21
Q

Neck:

A

Supports head and attaches it to the trunk

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22
Q

Superior/inferior:

A

Toward or away from the head

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23
Q

Anterior/posterior:

A

Nearer to the front or back of the body

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24
Q

Medial/lateral:

A

Nearer or farther from the midline of the body

25
Q

Intermediate:

A

Between two structures

26
Q

Ipsilateral/contralateral

A

On the same or opposite side of the body

27
Q

Proximal/distal

A

Nearer or farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

28
Q

Superficial/ deep

A

Toward or away from the surface of the body

29
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. (Midsagittal is down the midline and divides into equal sides)

30
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane:

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

31
Q

Transverse (horizontal) plane:

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior planes

32
Q

Oblique plane:

A

Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle.

33
Q

Section:

A

A cut of the body made along one of the planes described.

34
Q

Abdominal cavity:

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine.

35
Q

Pelvic cavity:

A

Lower portion: contains the urinary bladder, portions large intestines, and internal organs of reproductive system.

36
Q

Viscera:

A

All organs inside the abdominopelvic cavity

37
Q

Pericardial cavity:

A

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

38
Q

Pleural cavities:

A

Two: each of which surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid.

39
Q

Mediastinum:

A

Central portion containing all thoracic organs except the lungs.

40
Q

Synovial cavities:

A

Found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid

41
Q

Serous membrane:

A

A thin, slippery, double layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
Pleural, pericardium, peritoneum

42
Q

Serous membrane consist of three parts:

A

Parietal layer: lines walls of cavities

Visceral layer: covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

Serous fluid: lubricating fluid between the two layers to reduce friction.

43
Q

Local disease:

A

One that affects one part or a limited area of the body

44
Q

Systemic disease:

A

One that affects the entire body or several parts

45
Q

Epidemiology:

A

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a defined human population

46
Q

Geriatrics:

A

The science that deals with the medical problems of the care of elderly persons

47
Q

Pathology:

A

the science that deals with the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that diseases produce.

48
Q

Skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

206

49
Q

Axial skeleton consists of:

A

Skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax, sternum, ribs

50
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

Shoulder girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

51
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in any living organism or nonliving thing.

52
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

53
Q

Chemical elements:

A

Building blocks that make up all forms of matter, cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means

54
Q

How many elements are usually present in the body?

A

26

55
Q

What are the major four elements that make up 96% of the body’s mass?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon

56
Q

When two or more atoms share electrons, they form a:

A

Molecule

57
Q

Molecular formula:

A

Indicates number and type of atoms that make up a molecule.

58
Q

Compound:

A

A substance containing atoms of two or more different elements.

59
Q

Free radical:

A

An ion of molecule that has an unpaired electron in its outer most shell

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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