Midterm Study Flashcards
Pre-
before
nat
birth
-al
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-ectomy
excision
-centesis
surgical puncture
arthr/o-
joint
gastr/o
stomach
nephr/o
kidney
Singular to plural
-a
ae
Singular to plural
-ax
-aces
Singular to plural
-en
-ina
Singular to plural
-is
-es
Singular to plural
-ix
-ices
Singular to plural
-ex
-ices
Singular to plural
-ma
-ta
Singular to plural
-on
-a
Singular to plural
-um
-a
Singular to plural
-us
-i
Singular to plural
-y
-ies
-clasis
to break; surgical fracture
-desis
binding/fixation of a bone or joint
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
-pexy
fixation of an organ
-plasty
surgical repair
-tome
instrument to cut
-tomy
incision
-tripsy
crushing
-gram
record, writing
-graph
instrument for measuring
-graphy
Process of recording
-meter
Instrument for measurig
-metry
Act of measuring
-scope
Instrument for examining
-scopy
Visual examination
-algina
pain
-dynia
pain
-cele
hernia/swelling
-ecstasis
dilation, expansion
-edema
swelling
-emesis
vomiting
-emia
Blood condition
-iasis
abnormal condition produced by something specific
-lith
stone, calculus
-malacia
softening
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal condition, used primarily with blood cells
-pathy
disease
-penia
decrease, deficiency
-phobia
fear
-plegia
paralysis
-rrhage
bursting of
-rrhagia
bursting of
-rrhea
discharge. flow
-rrhexis
rupture
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-toxic
poison
-trophy
nourishment/development
a-
without, not
an-
without, not
circum-
around
peri-
around
dia-
through, across
trans-
through, across
dipl-
double
diplo-
double
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
endo-
within, in
intra-
within, in
homo-
same
homeo-
same
hypo-
under, below, deficient
macro-
large
micro-
small
mono-
one
uni-
one
post-
after, behind
pro-
before, in front of
primi-
first
retro-
backward, behind
super-
above, upper
-ior
pertaining to
Anterior
toward the front of the body
Anterioposterior
Pertaining to the front and back of the body or passing from the front to the back
Inferior (caudal)
Below, lower, toward tail
Scan
process of using a moving device or a sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal area
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Superior (cephalic, cranial)
Above or higher, toward the head
Medial
Pertaining to the midine
Frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior
horizontal plane (transverse)
Separates body into superior and inferior
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas and part of SI and LI
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas and part of SI and LI
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Part of SI and LI, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian and right ureter
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Part of SI and LI, left ovary, right fallopian and left ureter
Right and Left hypochondriac region
Upper right/left region located under the cartilage of the ribs
Right and Left lumbar region
Middle right and left region located near waist
Right and left illiac region
Lower right and left region located near groin (inguinal)
Epigastric region
Above stomach
Umbilical region
Middle region area of umbilicus
Hypogastric
Lower middle region is located under the stomach and umbilical regions
Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen
Cauad
toward the tail
Cephalad
Toward the head
-ad
toward
cervical
pertaining to the neck
cranial
pertaining to the cranium (skull)
illiac
pertaining to the illeum
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
-ac
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
coronal
pertaining to the heart
-gen
forming/producing, origin
-genesis
forming/producing, origin
-logist
specialist in the study of
-logy
study of
-plasia
formation, growth
infra-
below, under
epi-
above, on
adhesion
band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate
sepsis
body’s inflammatory response to infection; fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates and low bp
Endoscopy
Visual examination of interior of organs and cavities with endoscope
Fluoroscopy
Radiographic procedure using fluorescent screen to produce visual image from x-rays that pass through patient
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
Nuclear scan
Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ or area by recording conc of radiopharmaceutical substance called a tracer
Radiography
Production of a captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
Radiopharmaceutical
Drug contains a radioactive substance which travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned
Tomography
Radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at pre-determined depth
tom/o
to cut
Computed Tomography Scan
CT
Narrow beam of xrays w/ a specific constant medium or w/o a contrast medium that targets specific organ or body area to produce multiple cross-sectional images for detecting pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases
Positron Emission Tomography Scan
PET
Nuclear imaging study that combines CT w/ radiopharmaceuticals to produce cross-sectional image of radioactive disbursements in a section of the body to reveal the areas the radiopharmaceuticals are metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism
Single-photon emission computed tomography
SPECT
Nuclear imaging study that scans organs after injection of a radioactive tracer and employs specialised gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce 3D image from a composite of numerous views; used to show how blood flows to an organ and helps determine how well the organ is functioning
Ultrasonography
US
Imaging technique that uses high freq sound waves that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
CXR abbreviation
Chest x-ray, chest radiograph
Bx, bx abbreviation
Biopsy
LAT, lat abbreviation
Lateral
ant abbreviation
anterior
AP abbreviation
Anteroposterior
PA abbreviation
Posteroanterior
Cognition
Process of thought; reasoning, judgement, perception
Nerve Impulse
Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells
Traumatic
Caused by or pertaining to an injury
Vascular
Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glue, neuroglial tissue
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
-lepsy
seizure
-phasia
speech
para-
near, beside; beyond
Quadri-
four
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS
Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing, talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis
aka Lou Gehrig disease
Dementia
Progressive, irreversible, deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and commonly deficits in reasoning, judgement, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution and use of language
Alzheimer Disease
Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscope “plaques” which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional and physical functioning and personality changes
Epilepsy
Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions
Huntington chorea
Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movement, emotional disturbances and mental deterioration
Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease
-us
condition, structure
Multiple Sclerosis
MS
Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS is characterized by inflammation, hardening and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms
Neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children
blast
embryonic cell
Neurosis
Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
Palsy
Bell vs Cerebral
Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis
Bell: facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve
Cerebral: Bilateral, symmetrical nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary
Paralysis
Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury
Lumbar puncture
LP
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSP used for biochemical, microbiological and cytological laboratory analysis also called spinal tap or spinal puncture
Craniotomy
Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures
Thalamotomy
Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
Trephination
Excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery or to relieve intracranial pressure
Anticonvulsants
Prevent or control seizures
Antiparkinsonian agents
Reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease
Antipsychotics
Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations
Thrombolytics
Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thromnolysis
TIA abbreviation
Transient ischemic attack
Angioplasty
Surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery
Congenital
Pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth which may result from genetic or environmental influences
aort/o
aorta
scler
Hardening; sclera
ather/o
fatty plaque
atri/o
atrium
-um
structure, thing
phleb/o
vein
-ary
Pertaining to
ven/o
vein
-ous
pertaining to
varic/o
dilated vein
-ose
pertaining to; sugar
vas/o
vessel, vas deferens; duct
-spam
Involuntary contraction, twitching
vascul/o
vessel
ventricul/o
Ventricle
-cardia
heart condition
brady-
slow
Aneurysm
Abnormal widening (ballooning) of a portion of an artery as a result of weakness in its wall, or it may be present at birth
Angina pectoris
Mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina
Arrhythmia
Irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia
-ia
condition
Fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which there is rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricels
Fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which there is a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
atherosclerosis
Most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and eventually total blockage
Bruit
soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow
Embolus
mass of undissolved matter that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
embol
plug; embolus
Heart block
Disease of the electrical system of the heart, which controls activity of heart muscle
Isch-
to hold back
Ischemia
Inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow
Heart failure
HF
Occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can cause a number of symptoms such as shortness of breath, leg, swelling, and exercise intolerance
Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels and ultimately the heart
-tension
to stretch
Murmur
abnormal sound heard on auscultation caused by defects in the valves or chambers of the heart
Mitral valve prolapse
MVP
Structural abnormality in which the mitral valve does not close completely, resulting in a backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction
Myocardial Infarction
MI
Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; heart attack
Patent ductus arteriosus
PDA
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Raynaud disease
severe, sudden, vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress; aka raymond phenomenon
Rheumatic heart disease
Streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults
Stroke
damage to part of the brain as a result of interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or more commonly blockage of an artery; aka cerebrovascular incident (CVA)
Thromb
clot
Thrombus
A stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction
Deep vein thrombosis
DVT
Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body; commonly in lower leg
Transient ischemic attack
Blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted but does not cause permanent brain damage and may be a warning sign of a more serious and debilitating stroke in the future, also called ministroke
Cardiac characterization
Insertion of a small tube through an incision into a large vein usually an arm or leg which is treaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart
Cardiac enzyme studies
Battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage
Doppler ultrasonography
Ultrasound technique that records blood flow velocity to image major blood vessels to detect obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques in patients at risk for a stroke
Echocardiography
Ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the hearts chambers and valves are working and to diagnose and detect pathological conditions
echo-
repeated sound
Electrocardiography
EEG/ECG
Creation and study of graphic recordings produced by electrical activity generated by the heart muscle, also called cardiography
Holter monitor
Monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities
Stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions while measuring oxygen consumption
Nuclear Stress test
ECG uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
Troponin I
Blood test that measures protein released into blood by damaged heart muscle and is highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction
Angioplasty
Surgery that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow
Cardioversion
Restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical counter shock to the chest using a defibillator
Defibrillator
Device used to administer a defibrillating electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm
Autonomic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
AICD
Surgically implanted electrical device that continuously monitors and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart, also called implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
Autonomic external defibrillator (AED)
Portable computerized device that analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of an artery
Carotid endarterctomy
removal of plaque and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke
Endovenous laser therapy
EVLT
Treatment of a larger varicose veins in the legs in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the affected vein to heat the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink, and eventually disappear; also called endovenous laser ablation (EVLA)
Sclerotherapy
Chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue which closes the veins
Valvuloplasty
Insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic heart valve and increase blood flow, also called percutaneous valvuloplasty
Anticoagulants
Prevent clotting or coagulation of blood
Beta blockers
slow the heart rate and reduce the force with which the heart muscle contracts, lowering blood pressure
Nitrates
Relieve chest pain associated with angina and easy symptoms of heart failure
Statins
Reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol
Thrombolytics
Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
