Lab 3 & Lab 4 Flashcards
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body, organ, or structure
anteroposterior
Pertaining to the front and back of the body or passing from the front to the back of the body
inferior (dorsal)
Pertaining to below, lower, or toward the tail
scan
Process of using a moving device or a sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal area, organ, or tissue of the body
Anatomical position
In anatomical position, the person stands erect, the eyes look straight ahead, the arms are at the sides of the body with the palms of the hand turned forward, and the feet are parallel to one another and flat on the floor
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Superior (cephalic, cranial)
Above or higher; toward the head
Inferior (caudal)
Below or lower; toward the tail
Medial
Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline
Lateral
Pertaining to the side; toward the side
External
Outside, exterior to
Internal
Within, interior to
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity
Visceral
Pertaining to the organs within a cavity
Median plane
vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides; also called midsagittal plane.
Frontal plane
plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also called coronal plane.
Horizontal plane
plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; also called transverse plane.
dorsal cavity includes
(1) cranial
(2) spinal cavities and contains the brain and the spinal cord.
(3) diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing.
Ventral cavity includes
(4) thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs
(5) abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is further subdivided into the
(6) abdominal
(7) pelvic cavities and contains organs of the digestive and reproductive systems.
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
contains part of the small and large intestine, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter.
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
contains part of the small and large intestine, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac
upper right region located under the cartilage of the ribs.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Left hypochondriac
upper left region located under the cartilage of the ribs.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right lumbar
middle right region located near the waist
Abdominopelvic Regions
Left lumbar
middle left region located near the waist.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right iliac
lower right region located near the groin (also called right inguinal region).
Abdominopelvic Regions
Left iliac
lower left region located near the groin (also called left inguinal region).
Abdominopelvic Regions
Epigastric
middle region located above the stomach.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel.
Abdominopelvic Regions
Hypogastric
lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region
abdominal
pertaining to the abdomen
caudad
toward the tail
cephalad
toward the head
cervical
pertaining to the neck
cranial
pertaining to the cranium (skull)
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
pelvimeter
instrument used to measure the pelvis
spinal
pertaining to the spine
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
umbilical
pertaining to the umbilicus
-ior
pertaining to
ventral
belly side
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
nucle/o
nucleus
radi/o
radiation; radius (bone)
costalgia
pain in the ribs
coronal
pertaining to the heart
-gen
forming, producing, origin
-genesis
forming, producing, origin
-logist
specialist in the study of
-logy
study of
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
-plasia
formation, growth
infra-
below, under
epi-
above, on
adhesion
Band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other
inflammation
Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
sepsis
Body’s inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure
endoscopy
Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
fluoroscopy
Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photo- graphic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
nuclear scan
Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ or area by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical substance called a tracer; usually introduced into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection
radiography
Production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
radiopharmaceutical
Drug that contains a radioactive substance, which travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned
tomography
Radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth
computed tomography (CT) scan
Narrow beam of x-rays with a contrast medium (provides more detail) or without a contrast medium that targets a specific organ or body area to produce multiple cross-sectional images for detecting pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Nuclear imaging study that combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of radioactive dispersements in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism; useful in evaluating Alzheimer disease and epilepsy
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
Nuclear imaging study that scans organs after injection of a radioactive tracer and employs a specialized gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce a three-dimensional image from a composite of numerous views; used to show how blood flows to an organ and helps determine how well the organ is functioning
ultrasonography (US)
Imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
cognition
Process of thought—including reasoning, judgment, and perception
nerve impulse
Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus
neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)
peripheral
Pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center
traumatic
Caused by or pertaining to an injury
vascular
Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels
cerebr/o
cerebrum
cerebr/o/spin/al
Pertaining to the brain and spine or spinal cord
encephal/o
brain
encephal/itis
Inflammation of the brain
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
gli/oma
Tumor of the neuroglial tissue
mening/o
meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)
mening/o/cele
Hernia or swelling of the meninges
meningi/o
meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)
meningi/oma
Tumor of the meninges
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
myel/algia
Pain of the bone marrow or spinal cord
-lepsy
seizure
-phasia
speech
a/phasia
Without speech
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
dys/phasia
bad/painful/difficult speech
hemi-
one half
hemi/paresis
Partial paralysis (hemi=half)
para-
near; beside; beyond
quadri-
four
quadri/plegia
paralysis of all four limbs
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C1, C2 and so on
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on
CNS
central nervous system
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
EEG
electroencephalogram; electroencephalography
L1, L2, and so on
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; magnesium sulfate
PNS
peripheral nervous system
S1, S2, and so on
first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra, and so on
T1, T2, and so on
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, and so on
TIA
transient ischemic attack
TN
trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN)
neuropathic pain syndrome that involves the facial area stimulated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). This syndrome results in flashes of pain radiating along the course of the nerve and is the most common cause of facial pain.
anesthetics
Produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness
anticonvulsants
Prevent or control seizures
antiparkinsonian agents
Reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease
antipsychotics
Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations
thrombolytics
Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
craniotomy
Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures
thalamotomy
Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
trephination
Excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture, which is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present
electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders and periods of uncon- sciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead
lumbar puncture (LP)
Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture
stroke
Inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain due to a clot or rup- tured blood vessel (hemorrhage), which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called ministroke
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing and talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrig disease (named after the baseball player who became afflicted with ALS)
dementia
Progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language
Alzheimer disease
Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques,” which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes
epilepsy
Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions
Huntington chorea
Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration
hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflamma- tion, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms
neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children
neurosis
Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
palsy
Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis
Bell
Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a
facial nerve
cerebral
Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary
paralysis
Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury
Parkinson disease
Progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for control- ling movement and results in hand tremors; uncontrollable head nod- ding; shuffling gait; and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks
poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
psychosis
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delu- sions and hallucinations
sciatica
Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot
shingles
Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herpes zoster
spina bifida
Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude
spina bifida occulta
Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges
spina bifida cystica
More severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)
