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PHARM 220 - Lab > Lab 3 & Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 3 & Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front of the body, organ, or structure

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2
Q

anteroposterior

A

Pertaining to the front and back of the body or passing from the front to the back of the body

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3
Q

inferior (dorsal)

A

Pertaining to below, lower, or toward the tail

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4
Q

scan

A

Process of using a moving device or a sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal area, organ, or tissue of the body

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5
Q

Anatomical position

A

In anatomical position, the person stands erect, the eyes look straight ahead, the arms are at the sides of the body with the palms of the hand turned forward, and the feet are parallel to one another and flat on the floor

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6
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body

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7
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

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8
Q

Superior (cephalic, cranial)

A

Above or higher; toward the head

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9
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Below or lower; toward the tail

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10
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side; toward the side

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12
Q

External

A

Outside, exterior to

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13
Q

Internal

A

Within, interior to

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface

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15
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

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16
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

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17
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

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18
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity

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19
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to the organs within a cavity

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20
Q

Median plane

A

vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides; also called midsagittal plane.

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21
Q

Frontal plane

A

plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also called coronal plane.

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22
Q

Horizontal plane

A

plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; also called transverse plane.

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23
Q

dorsal cavity includes

A

(1) cranial
(2) spinal cavities and contains the brain and the spinal cord.
(3) diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing.

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24
Q

Ventral cavity includes

A

(4) thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs
(5) abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is further subdivided into the
(6) abdominal
(7) pelvic cavities and contains organs of the digestive and reproductive systems.

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25
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.

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26
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

contains part of the small and large intestine, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter.

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27
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.

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28
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

contains part of the small and large intestine, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter.

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29
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac

A

upper right region located under the cartilage of the ribs.

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30
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Left hypochondriac

A

upper left region located under the cartilage of the ribs.

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31
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Right lumbar

A

middle right region located near the waist

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32
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Left lumbar

A

middle left region located near the waist.

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33
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Right iliac

A

lower right region located near the groin (also called right inguinal region).

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34
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Left iliac

A

lower left region located near the groin (also called left inguinal region).

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35
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Epigastric

A

middle region located above the stomach.

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36
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical

A

middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel.

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37
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions
Hypogastric

A

lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region

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38
Q

abdominal

A

pertaining to the abdomen

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39
Q

caudad

A

toward the tail

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40
Q

cephalad

A

toward the head

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41
Q

cervical

A

pertaining to the neck

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42
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the cranium (skull)

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43
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

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44
Q

iliac

A

pertaining to the ilium

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45
Q

inguinal

A

pertaining to the groin

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46
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the lower back

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47
Q

pelvimeter

A

instrument used to measure the pelvis

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48
Q

spinal

A

pertaining to the spine

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49
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

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50
Q

umbilical

A

pertaining to the umbilicus

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51
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

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52
Q

ventral

A

belly side

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53
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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54
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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55
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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56
Q

radi/o

A

radiation; radius (bone)

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57
Q

costalgia

A

pain in the ribs

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58
Q

coronal

A

pertaining to the heart

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59
Q

-gen

A

forming, producing, origin

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60
Q

-genesis

A

forming, producing, origin

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61
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

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62
Q

-logy

A

study of

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63
Q

-lysis

A

separation; destruction; loosening

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64
Q

-plasia

A

formation, growth

65
Q

infra-

A

below, under

66
Q

epi-

A

above, on

67
Q

adhesion

A

Band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other

68
Q

inflammation

A

Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy

69
Q

sepsis

A

Body’s inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure

70
Q

endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

71
Q

fluoroscopy

A

Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photo- graphic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images

72
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body

73
Q

nuclear scan

A

Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ or area by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical substance called a tracer; usually introduced into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection

74
Q

radiography

A

Production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source

75
Q

radiopharmaceutical

A

Drug that contains a radioactive substance, which travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned

76
Q

tomography

A

Radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth

77
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

Narrow beam of x-rays with a contrast medium (provides more detail) or without a contrast medium that targets a specific organ or body area to produce multiple cross-sectional images for detecting pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases

78
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Nuclear imaging study that combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of radioactive dispersements in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism; useful in evaluating Alzheimer disease and epilepsy

79
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan

A

Nuclear imaging study that scans organs after injection of a radioactive tracer and employs a specialized gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce a three-dimensional image from a composite of numerous views; used to show how blood flows to an organ and helps determine how well the organ is functioning

80
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

Imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue

81
Q

cognition

A

Process of thought—including reasoning, judgment, and perception

82
Q

nerve impulse

A

Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

83
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)

84
Q

peripheral

A

Pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center

85
Q

traumatic

A

Caused by or pertaining to an injury

86
Q

vascular

A

Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

87
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

88
Q

cerebr/o/spin/al

A

Pertaining to the brain and spine or spinal cord

89
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

90
Q

encephal/itis

A

Inflammation of the brain

91
Q

gli/o

A

glue; neuroglial tissue

92
Q

gli/oma

A

Tumor of the neuroglial tissue

93
Q

mening/o

A

meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)

94
Q

mening/o/cele

A

Hernia or swelling of the meninges

95
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)

96
Q

meningi/oma

A

Tumor of the meninges

97
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

98
Q

myel/algia

A

Pain of the bone marrow or spinal cord

99
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

100
Q

-phasia

A

speech

101
Q

a/phasia

A

Without speech

102
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

103
Q

dys/phasia

A

bad/painful/difficult speech

104
Q

hemi-

A

one half

105
Q

hemi/paresis

A

Partial paralysis (hemi=half)

106
Q

para-

A

near; beside; beyond

107
Q

quadri-

A

four

108
Q

quadri/plegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

109
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

110
Q

C1, C2 and so on

A

first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on

111
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

112
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

113
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle

114
Q

CVD

A

cerebrovascular disease

115
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram; electroencephalography

116
Q

L1, L2, and so on

A

first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on

117
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

118
Q

MS

A

mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; magnesium sulfate

119
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

120
Q

S1, S2, and so on

A

first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra, and so on

121
Q

T1, T2, and so on

A

first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, and so on

122
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

123
Q

TN

A

trigeminal neuralgia

124
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN)

A

neuropathic pain syndrome that involves the facial area stimulated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). This syndrome results in flashes of pain radiating along the course of the nerve and is the most common cause of facial pain.

125
Q

anesthetics

A

Produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

126
Q

anticonvulsants

A

Prevent or control seizures

127
Q

antiparkinsonian agents

A

Reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

128
Q

antipsychotics

A

Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

129
Q

thrombolytics

A

Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis

130
Q

craniotomy

A

Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

131
Q

thalamotomy

A

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

132
Q

trephination

A

Excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)

133
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

Laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture, which is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present

134
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders and periods of uncon- sciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead

135
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture

136
Q

stroke

A

Inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain due to a clot or rup- tured blood vessel (hemorrhage), which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

137
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called ministroke

138
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing and talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrig disease (named after the baseball player who became afflicted with ALS)

139
Q

dementia

A

Progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

140
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques,” which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

141
Q

epilepsy

A

Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions

142
Q

Huntington chorea

A

Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

143
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

144
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflamma- tion, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

145
Q

neuroblastoma

A

Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

146
Q

neurosis

A

Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

147
Q

palsy

A

Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

148
Q

Bell

A

Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a
facial nerve

149
Q

cerebral

A

Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

150
Q

paralysis

A

Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

151
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for control- ling movement and results in hand tremors; uncontrollable head nod- ding; shuffling gait; and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks

152
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

153
Q

psychosis

A

Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delu- sions and hallucinations

154
Q

sciatica

A

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

155
Q

shingles

A

Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herpes zoster

156
Q

spina bifida

A

Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

157
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

158
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

More severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

PHARM 220 - Lab (5 decks)

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