Midterm reviewer 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- Which of the following refers to the study of the frequency and causes of psychological disorders in populations?
a) Etiology
b) Epidemiology
c) Psychopathology
d) Prognosis
A
Answer: b) Epidemiology
2
Q
- A person has a family history of depression and anxiety and has recently begun to show symptoms of these disorders. Which factor is most likely contributing to the development of the disorder?
a) Precipitating factor
b) Protective factor
c) Predisposing factor
d) Perpetuating factor
A
Answer: c) Predisposing factor
3
Q
- Which of the following is defined as the mental state of a patient in the present moment, focusing on their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning?
a) Clinical interview
b) Mental status examination
c) Case-history interview
d) Diagnosis interview
A
Answer: b) Mental status examination
4
Q
- A disorder that develops gradually over time, rather than suddenly, is considered to have what type of onset?
a) Acute onset
b) Insidious onset
c) Chronic onset
d) Episodic onset
A
Answer: b) Insidious onset
5
Q
- Which of the following terms best describes the factor that exacerbates or maintains the symptoms of a disorder over time?
a) Precipitating factor
b) Perpetuating factor
c) Protective factor
d) Predisposing factor
A
Answer: b) Perpetuating factor
6
Q
- The number of new cases of a disorder within a specific time period in a population is referred to as:
a) Prevalence
b) Incidence
c) Comorbidity
d) Prognosis
A
Answer: b) Incidence
7
Q
- Which of the following would MOST likely be the focus of a psychodynamic interview?
a) Identifying the environmental triggers for behaviors
b) Gaining insights into the patient’s past memories and events
c) Collecting assumptions and interpretations that influence the client’s thinking
d) Observing the client’s behavior in real-world situations
A
Answer: b) Gaining insights into the patient’s past memories and events
8
Q
- In the context of psychopathology, which of the following refers to a disorder that lasts for a long time and often persists indefinitely?
a) Episodic course
b) Chronic course
c) Acute course
d) Insidious course
A
Answer: b) Chronic course
9
Q
- Which type of interview is typically used to defuse an immediate crisis and assess whether the client is willing to enter into a therapeutic relationship?
a) Assessment interview
b) Crisis interview
c) Case-history interview
d) Intake-admission interview
A
Answer: b) Crisis interview
10
Q
- What is the main goal of a behavioral interview?
a) To explore the client’s past memories
b) To collect information about how environmental stimuli influence the client’s responses
c) To determine the client’s assumptions and interpretations
d) To assess the client’s cognitive and emotional state
A
Answer: b) To collect information about how environmental stimuli influence the client’s responses
11
Q
- Which term refers to a process in which two separate events become connected through associative learning?
a) Conditioning
b) Observational learning
c) Habituation
d) Sensitization
A
Answer: a) Conditioning
12
Q
- A client comes to therapy due to a recent breakdown in relationships and increased anxiety. They describe feeling increasingly hopeless. What is the presenting problem in this case?
a) The client’s anxiety
b) The breakdown in relationships
c) The feeling of hopelessness
d) The reason the client came to therapy
A
Answer: d) The reason the client came to therapy
13
Q
- Which of the following best describes a disorder that occurs simultaneously with another mental disorder?
a) Comorbidity
b) Differential diagnosis
c) Precipitating factors
d) Protective factors
A
Answer: a) Comorbidity
14
Q
- When conducting an assessment interview, what is one of the most important factors in creating an effective clinical rapport?
a) Strict adherence to interview protocols
b) Body language and communication
c) Questioning in a highly structured format
d) Focusing on the diagnostic criteria alone
A
Answer: b) Body language and communication
15
Q
- Which of the following best describes a situation where a client’s symptoms may improve temporarily, only to relapse or experience a recurrence?
a) Chronic course
b) Episodic course
c) Acute course
d) Insidious onset
A
Answer: b) Episodic course
16
Q
- A person begins showing signs of a psychological disorder after a traumatic event. This event is an example of which type of factor?
a) Precipitating factor
b) Protective factor
c) Predisposing factor
d) Perpetuating factor
A
Answer: a) Precipitating factor
17
Q
- What is the primary goal of a diagnosis interview?
a) To collect the client’s medical history
b) To determine the patient’s symptoms and diagnostic criteria
c) To defuse an ongoing crisis
d) To gather personal and family history of the client
A
Answer: b) To determine the patient’s symptoms and diagnostic criteria
18
Q
- Which of the following best describes the term “prevalence” in the context of psychopathology?
a) The frequency of new cases of a disorder in a population
b) The total number of individuals affected by a disorder in a population
c) The estimated course of a disorder over time
d) The likelihood that a disorder will recur
A
Answer: b) The total number of individuals affected by a disorder in a population
19
Q
- Which type of interview would be most appropriate for understanding a client’s background and history?
a) Diagnosis interview
b) Case-history interview
c) Cognitive interview
d) Behavioral interview
A
Answer: b) Case-history interview
20
Q
- Which term refers to a disorder that develops suddenly, rather than gradually over time?
a) Acute onset
b) Insidious onset
c) Chronic course
d) Episodic course
A
Answer: a) Acute onset
21
Q
- A person has been diagnosed with depression but also has a history of alcohol abuse. Which of the following terms describes this situation?
a) Differential diagnosis
b) Comorbidity
c) Etiology
d) Prognosis
A
Answer: b) Comorbidity
22
Q
- When conducting an intake-admission interview, what is the primary focus?
a) To assess the client’s immediate mental status
b) To gather detailed family and medical history
c) To establish the therapeutic relationship and begin the treatment process
d) To determine the client’s cognitive and emotional state
A
Answer: c) To establish the therapeutic relationship and begin the treatment process
23
Q
- Which of the following best explains the concept of sensitization in the context of psychological learning?
a) A gradual decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
b) A heightened response to a stimulus following intense exposure
c) The process of learning by observing others
d) The increase in reaction due to the pairing of two unrelated stimuli
A
Answer: b) A heightened response to a stimulus following intense exposure
24
Q
- Which of the following factors would be categorized as a protective factor in the development of a psychological disorder?
a) A stressful work environment
b) A strong social support network
c) Family history of mental disorders
d) Living in a highly competitive society
A
Answer: b) A strong social support network
25
Q
- In which of the following cases would a differential diagnosis MOST likely be conducted?
a) When the therapist needs to determine if a single factor is the cause of the disorder
b) When symptoms could be attributed to multiple possible conditions
c) When the onset of symptoms is immediate and clear
d) When the treatment plan has already been finalized
A
Answer: b) When symptoms could be attributed to multiple possible conditions
26
Q
- A client presents with sudden emotional instability and intense mood swings, which appear to be triggered by environmental stressors. These symptoms have been present for a few weeks. What is the most likely course of the disorder?
a) Chronic course
b) Episodic course
c) Acute course
d) Insidious course
A
Answer: c) Acute course
27
Q
- In a case where a psychologist must determine whether a disorder has multiple potential causes, they would use which of the following diagnostic processes?
a) Prognosis
b) Differential diagnosis
c) Comorbidity analysis
d) Etiological analysis
A
Answer: b) Differential diagnosis
28
Q
- Which of the following best describes the cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) principle of observational learning?
a) Learning through the association of two stimuli
b) Learning by doing and reflecting on personal actions
c) Learning by observing the behavior of others in the environment
d) Learning by processing the cognitive distortions influencing behavior
A
Answer: c) Learning by observing the behavior of others in the environment
29
Q
- A client is undergoing therapy for anxiety, but their symptoms worsen over time as they avoid situations that trigger their fear, such as crowds. What type of factor is most likely contributing to this worsening?
a) Precipitating factor
b) Protective factor
c) Perpetuating factor
d) Predisposing factor
A
Answer: c) Perpetuating factor
30
Q
- Which interview technique primarily focuses on exploring a patient’s developmental and psychological history to provide insight into their present difficulties?
a) Crisis interview
b) Cognitive interview
c) Psychodynamic interview
d) Behavioral interview
A
Answer: c) Psychodynamic interview
31
Q
- Which of the following is an example of a protective factor in the context of mental health?
a) Previous traumatic events
b) Supportive social networks and coping mechanisms
c) Genetic predisposition to a disorder
d) Chronic physical illness
A
Answer: b) Supportive social networks and coping mechanisms
32
Q
- A person diagnosed with a psychological disorder is unable to recognize the severity of their condition and often underestimates the impact on their daily functioning. What is most likely contributing to this lack of awareness?
a) Lack of insight
b) Cognitive distortion
c) False sense of control
d) Emotional dysregulation
A
Answer: a) Lack of insight
33
Q
- Which of the following terms refers to the learning process where an individual becomes less responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure, particularly in a non-threatening context?
a) Sensitization
b) Habituation
c) Classical conditioning
d) Observational learning
A
Answer: b) Habituation
34
Q
- Which of the following is a significant challenge in using heuristics to make clinical decisions?
a) They always lead to a rational and accurate diagnosis
b) They rely on critical thinking and evidence-based practices
c) They may lead to cognitive biases, such as the availability heuristic
d) They remove the need for clinical reasoning and judgment
A
Answer: c) They may lead to cognitive biases, such as the availability heuristic
35
Q
- Which of the following best describes the process of “enactive learning” in psychological treatment?
a) Learning through observation and imitation
b) Learning through the repetition of a stimulus
c) Learning through firsthand experience and engaging in behavior
d) Learning by the reprocessing of cognitive distortions
A
Answer: c) Learning through firsthand experience and engaging in behavior
36
Q
- Which of the following would most likely occur during an assessment interview when dealing with a client who is experiencing a crisis?
a) Focusing on detailed past events
b) Establishing immediate safety and exploring emergency needs
c) Determining the client’s long-term treatment goals
d) Identifying comorbid conditions
A
Answer: b) Establishing immediate safety and exploring emergency needs
37
Q
- A patient develops a fear of dogs after being bitten at a young age. This fear persists despite the patient no longer being exposed to dogs. Which psychological principle explains this phenomenon?
a) Habituation
b) Sensitization
c) Conditioning
d) Observational learning
A
Answer: c) Conditioning
38
Q
- A client has a family history of schizophrenia and starts exhibiting early signs of the disorder in their early twenties. Which of the following best describes the onset of this disorder?
a) Acute onset
b) Insidious onset
c) Episodic course
d) Chronic course
A
Answer: b) Insidious onset
39
Q
- Which of the following is NOT typically assessed during a mental status examination?
a) Memory and attention
b) Insight and judgment
c) Family history of psychological disorders
d) Thought processes and content
A
Answer: c) Family history of psychological disorders
40
Q
- A client presents with a specific set of symptoms that are indicative of multiple possible conditions. The psychologist must rule out other potential diagnoses before confirming the disorder. This process is called:
a) Differential diagnosis
b) Prognosis
c) Etiology
d) Comorbidity analysis
A
Answer: a) Differential diagnosis
41
Q
- Which type of interview focuses on understanding the immediate context of the client’s crisis and exploring whether they are willing to begin therapy or treatment?
a) Diagnosis interview
b) Intake-admission interview
c) Crisis interview
d) Case-history interview
A
Answer: c) Crisis interview
42
Q
- A psychologist is determining the prognosis of a disorder. This means they are predicting:
a) The disorder’s course and eventual outcome
b) The likelihood of multiple diagnoses occurring simultaneously
c) The environmental triggers that cause the disorder
d) The factors that protect the client from the disorder
A
Answer: a) The disorder’s course and eventual outcome
43
Q
- A psychologist is conducting a behavioral interview with a client. Which of the following is most likely the primary focus of this interview?
a) Analyzing the client’s early childhood memories
b) Exploring the external triggers that influence the client’s behaviors
c) Identifying cognitive distortions and irrational thoughts
d) Focusing on long-term solutions and coping strategies
A
Answer: b) Exploring the external triggers that influence the client’s behaviors
44
Q
- Which of the following terms describes the mental state of an individual at the time of the interview, including their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning?
a) Clinical description
b) Mental status examination
c) Diagnosis interview
d) Case-history interview
A
Answer: b) Mental status examination
45
Q
- Which of the following is an example of a perpetuating factor for a person with social anxiety disorder?
a) A traumatic childhood experience
b) Avoidance of social situations leading to a reinforcement of fear
c) A strong family support system
d) The onset of anxiety symptoms triggered by a life event
A
Answer: b) Avoidance of social situations leading to a reinforcement of fear
46
Q
- In the process of diagnosis, which of the following factors refers to the specific conditions or events that contribute to the initial onset of the disorder?
a) Perpetuating factors
b) Protective factors
c) Precipitating factors
d) Predisposing factors
A
Answer: c) Precipitating factors
47
Q
- Which type of interview technique would likely be used to gather specific information on the triggers of a client’s responses to certain situations?
a) Behavioral interview
b) Cognitive interview
c) Psychodynamic interview
d) Crisis interview
A
Answer: a) Behavioral interview
48
Q
- A client’s mental health issues are worsening because they lack coping mechanisms to deal with their stress. Which factor is most likely contributing to the deterioration of their condition?
a) Protective factor
b) Precipitating factor
c) Perpetuating factor
d) Predisposing factor
A
Answer: c) Perpetuating factor
49
Q
- Which of the following best describes a person who has become desensitized to a loud noise after repeated exposure, even though the noise is initially startling?
a) Sensitization
b) Habituation
c) Observational learning
d) Conditioning
A
Answer: b) Habituation
50
Q
- What is the primary function of the “Intake-admission interview”?
a) To explore the emotional triggers of the disorder
b) To collect the client’s complete medical history
c) To begin establishing rapport and assessing readiness for therapy
d) To assess the client’s physical health and social background
A
Answer: c) To begin establishing rapport and assessing readiness for therapy
