Midterm reviewer 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- A therapist notices they are becoming emotionally attached to a client beyond professional boundaries. Which concept best describes this phenomenon?
a) Transference
b) Countertransference
c) Multiple relationship
d) Exploitative relationship
A
Answer: b) Countertransference
2
Q
- A therapist decides to terminate therapy because they feel unqualified to handle a client’s complex case. Which ethical principle guides this decision?
a) Justice
b) Responsibility
c) Integrity
d) Respect
A
Answer: b) Responsibility
3
Q
- What ethical concern arises if a psychologist provides services outside their field of competence during a non-emergency situation?
a) Breach of confidentiality
b) Exploitative relationship
c) Boundaries of competence
d) Deception
A
Answer: c) Boundaries of competence
4
Q
- Which strategy is MOST effective for building initial rapport with a resistant client?
a) Relying on the halo effect
b) Using supportive non-verbal cues
c) Disclosing personal information to the client
d) Critiquing the client’s behavior early on
A
Answer: b) Using supportive non-verbal cues
5
Q
- A psychologist uses the elimination-by-aspects model in clinical judgment. What does this involve?
a) Prioritizing hypotheses based on a single most important feature
b) Systematically evaluating multiple options
c) Evaluating one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important
d) Eliminating improbable hypotheses through critical reasoning
A
Answer: c) Evaluating one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important
6
Q
- Which ethical standard is violated when a psychologist starts dating their client?
a) Misuse of psychologist’s work
b) Exploitative relationship
c) Multiple relationship
d) Deception
A
Answer: c) Multiple relationship
7
Q
- In which situation would informed consent NOT be required?
a) When the client has diminished decision-making capacity
b) During an emergency crisis intervention
c) When deception is used in therapy
d) When the client refuses to sign the consent form
A
Answer: b) During an emergency crisis intervention
8
Q
- Which heuristic involves making decisions based on how easily examples come to mind?
a) Availability heuristic
b) Representative heuristic
c) Single-feature model
d) Additive feature model
A
Answer: a) Availability heuristic
9
Q
- A psychologist consistently overestimates their ability to predict a client’s outcome. What cognitive bias might they be experiencing?
a) Illusion of control
b) Paradox of choice
c) Expectancy bias
d) Projection
A
Answer: a) Illusion of control
10
Q
- What does the APA principle of integrity require of psychologists?
a) To always act within their scope of competence
b) To deliver fair and unbiased treatment to clients
c) To provide truthful and honest services
d) To respect the autonomy of their clients
A
Answer: c) To provide truthful and honest services
11
Q
- A client feels their therapist has become dismissive and judgmental. Which element of the therapeutic relationship has likely been compromised?
a) Collaboration
b) Unconditional positive regard
c) Genuineness
d) Respect
A
Answer: b) Unconditional positive regard
12
Q
- A psychologist working with trauma survivors uses both cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic techniques. Which approach is this?
a) Additive approach
b) Eclectic approach
c) Elimination-by-aspects approach
d) Scientist-practitioner model
A
Answer: b) Eclectic approach
13
Q
- What is a key characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model in clinical psychology?
a) Emphasis on professional practice over research
b) Training psychologists to integrate research and practice
c) Focus on specialization in one therapy modality
d) Reliance on paraprofessionals for therapy implementation
A
Answer: b) Training psychologists to integrate research and practice
14
Q
- Which principle is violated if a psychologist discloses a client’s personal information without consent?
a) Justice
b) Integrity
c) Confidentiality
d) Respect
A
Answer: c) Confidentiality
15
Q
- A client with severe physical disabilities struggles with emotional adjustment. Which mental health professional would most likely assist?
a) Rehabilitation psychologist
b) Clinical social worker
c) Psychiatric nurse
d) Counseling psychologist
A
Answer: a) Rehabilitation psychologist
16
Q
- Which psychological bias might lead a therapist to unfairly perceive a client as untrustworthy based on one minor dishonest act?
a) Projection
b) Halo effect
c) Selective perception
d) Perceptual set
A
Answer: c) Selective perception
17
Q
- What is a potential downside of using the additive feature model in decision-making?
a) It focuses on one feature at the expense of others.
b) It can be overly time-consuming.
c) It neglects less important options.
d) It relies solely on heuristic thinking.
A
Answer: b) It can be overly time-consuming.
18
Q
- When would deception be permissible in psychological research or therapy?
a) When withholding information is necessary to ensure positive outcomes
b) When it benefits the client’s immediate mental health
c) When it is deemed essential and accompanied by a thorough debriefing
d) When the client refuses consent
A
Answer: c) When it is deemed essential and accompanied by a thorough debriefing
19
Q
- A psychologist unintentionally projects their personal fears onto their client during therapy. What is this called?
a) Transference
b) Countertransference
c) Implicit personality bias
d) Stereotyping
A
Answer: b) Countertransference
20
Q
- A school psychologist evaluates a child with ADHD to create intervention strategies. What ethical standard must guide this process?
a) Beneficence
b) Respect
c) Justice
d) Competence
A
Answer: d) Competence
21
Q
- What differentiates beneficence from nonmaleficence in therapy?
a) Beneficence requires active efforts to do good; nonmaleficence avoids harm.
b) Beneficence applies to treatment plans; nonmaleficence applies only to emergencies.
c) Beneficence ensures autonomy; nonmaleficence ensures confidentiality.
d) Beneficence applies to all clients; nonmaleficence applies to vulnerable populations.
A
Answer: a) Beneficence requires active efforts to do good; nonmaleficence avoids harm.
22
Q
- A psychologist refuses to accept a client’s gift after a successful therapy session, explaining that it could jeopardize professional boundaries. Which ethical concern is being addressed?
a) Exploitative relationships
b) Multiple relationships
c) Respect for autonomy
d) Conflict of interest
A
Answer: d) Conflict of interest
23
Q
- A client insists their therapist reminds them of their abusive parent and begins to express hostility during sessions. What is this an example of?
a) Projection
b) Transference
c) Countertransference
d) Perceptual set
A
Answer: b) Transference
24
Q
- A therapist who systematically avoids discussing sensitive topics to protect their emotional state is violating which principle?
a) Beneficence
b) Justice
c) Integrity
d) Responsibility
A
Answer: d) Responsibility
25
Q
- Which principle is most violated when a psychologist uses a test outside their area of expertise in a high-stakes assessment?
a) Respect for autonomy
b) Boundaries of competence
c) Integrity
d) Informed consent
A
Answer: b) Boundaries of competence
26
Q
- A psychologist creates a treatment plan based solely on the availability heuristic. What risk does this pose to clinical judgment?
a) Overreliance on past experiences that might not be applicable
b) Ignoring client feedback in the decision-making process
c) Overvaluing one feature of a treatment while neglecting others
d) Dismissing scientifically validated interventions
A
Answer: a) Overreliance on past experiences that might not be applicable
27
Q
- A therapist discontinues therapy with a client due to personal dislike of their political beliefs. Which principle does this violate?
a) Respect
b) Integrity
c) Justice
d) Beneficence
A
Answer: c) Justice
28
Q
- In which situation would a multiple relationship be considered unavoidable yet ethical?
a) When the therapist discloses personal information to the client
b) When it is impossible to refer the client to another professional
c) When the client insists on socializing outside therapy
d) When the relationship is not documented
A
Answer: b) When it is impossible to refer the client to another professional
29
Q
- A psychologist providing therapy to their friend’s child is MOST at risk of violating which ethical concern?
a) Informed consent
b) Exploitative relationships
c) Multiple relationships
d) Competence boundaries
A
Answer: c) Multiple relationships
30
Q
- A client’s unrealistic belief that they can control the outcome of random events is an example of which cognitive bias?
a) Paradox of choice
b) Illusion of control
c) Expectancy bias
d) Attribution error
A
Answer: b) Illusion of control
31
Q
- What principle is compromised when a psychologist engages in gossip about a client’s progress during a professional conference?
a) Respect
b) Confidentiality
c) Integrity
d) Justice
A
Answer: b) Confidentiality
32
Q
- A psychologist evaluates a new client using a structured interview, behavioral observation, and self-report questionnaires. This combination of methods demonstrates which approach?
a) Eclectic approach
b) Additive feature model
c) Comprehensive assessment
d) Scientist-practitioner model
A
Answer: c) Comprehensive assessment
