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Clinical Psychology > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with:

A) The study of human behavior.
B) Questions of what is right and wrong.
C) Cognitive processes and mental health.
D) Biological foundations of behavior.

A

Answer: B

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2
Q

Which professional code is most important in guiding psychologists’ ethical behavior?

A) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
B) The Code of Criminal Justice.
C) The APA Code of Ethics.
D) The International Code of Standard

A

Answer: C

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3
Q

In psychological research, ethical guidelines exist to:

A) Promote deception in controlled experiments.
B) Eliminate the need for informed consent.
C) Ensure the dignity and safety of participants.
D) Provide researchers with absolute freedom.

A

Answer: C

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4
Q

What does the ethical principle of “confidentiality” ensure?

A) Clients’ personal information remains private unless required by law.
B) Therapists report all findings to a public database.
C) Information is shared with the client’s family members.
D) Records are always disclosed upon request.

A

Answer: A

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5
Q

What is the right of informed consent?

A) Clients must adhere to therapy without objection.
B) Clients are fully informed about the procedures and risks.
C) Therapists may withhold information about the process.
D) Clients agree to let therapists share their details.

A

Answer: B

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6
Q

Beneficence and nonmaleficence emphasize:

A) Helping clients while minimizing harm.
B) Maintaining professional neutrality.
C) The importance of professional supervision.
D) Allowing withdrawal from therapy at any time.

A

Answer: A

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7
Q

What does the principle of “justice” in ethics mean?

A) All clients should receive equal and fair treatment.
B) Therapists prioritize their own financial interests.
C) Only severe cases should receive therapy.
D) Decisions should not involve ethical considerations.

A

Answer: A

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8
Q

What type of relationship between therapist and client is considered unethical?

A) A strictly professional relationship.
B) A dual relationship involving personal ties.
C) A therapy dynamic involving confidentiality.
D) A focus on beneficence and nonmaleficence.

A

Answer: B

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9
Q

Transference refers to:

A) The client projecting their feelings about others onto the therapist.
B) The therapist reflecting on their personal conflicts.
C) The legal exchange of client data between therapists.
D) The termination of therapy due to ethical issues.

A

Answer: A

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10
Q

Countertransference occurs when:

A) The therapist projects their unresolved conflicts onto the client.
B) The client fails to engage in therapy sessions.
C) The therapist denies any form of deception.
D) There is a legal dispute over therapy records

A

Answer: A

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11
Q

Misuse of a psychologist’s work requires them to:

A) Ignore the issue to avoid conflict.
B) Take reasonable steps to correct the misrepresentation.
C) Report it to the client’s family.
D) Disclose sensitive client data.

A

Answer: B

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12
Q

What is a primary reason for maintaining confidentiality?

A) To protect the therapist’s reputation.
B) To build trust and respect with the client.
C) To adhere to international marketing standards.
D) To avoid legal repercussions.

A

Answer: B

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13
Q

Ethical guidelines surrounding deception suggest that:

A) Deception should never be used in therapy.
B) Deception is acceptable without review.
C) Deception is only justified when absolutely necessary.
D) Deception should be a routine practice in therapy.

A

Answer: C

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14
Q

What does “integrity” in psychology emphasize?

A) Fair compensation for therapy services.
B) Honesty and accuracy in professional practice.
C) Avoiding all forms of transference.
D) Equal treatment for all research participants.

A

Answer: B

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15
Q

Which ethical principle involves respecting the client’s autonomy?

A) Responsibility
B) Justice
C) Respect
D) Competence

A

Answer: C

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16
Q

The relationship between therapist and client should:

A) Be close friends for better trust.
B) Remain professional yet compassionate.
C) Allow for financial transactions outside therapy.
D) Avoid addressing deeper emotions.

A

Answer: B

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17
Q

A therapist’s unconditional positive regard means:

A) Accepting clients without judgment.
B) Evaluating clients based on societal norms.
C) Limiting therapy to specific issues.
D) Disregarding cultural differences in therapy.

A

Answer: A

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18
Q

The purpose of a productive therapy relationship is to:

A) Ensure therapists maintain full control.
B) Enable clients to feel safe and understood.
C) Focus on transference only.
D) Promote dependence on the therapist.

A

Answer: B

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19
Q

Multiple relationships are unethical because:

A) They only benefit the therapist financially.
B) They can impair objectivity and professionalism.
C) They lead to increased confidentiality risks.
D) They reduce treatment options for clients.

A

Answer: B

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20
Q

Exploitative relationships occur when:

A) The client sets boundaries.
B) The psychologist uses their position for personal gain.
C) A therapeutic relationship is built on mutual respect.
D) The therapist follows informed consent practices.

A

Answer: B

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21
Q

The single-feature model of decision-making involves:

A) Evaluating all available options.
B) Focusing on one important aspect.
C) Eliminating options based on multiple criteria.
D) Seeking advice from professionals.

A

Answer: B

22
Q

What does the additive feature model involve?

A) Focusing on a single critical factor.
B) Assigning scores to each attribute of options.
C) Eliminating options step by step.
D) Choosing randomly.

A

Answer: B

23
Q

The elimination-by-aspects model emphasizes:

A) Random decision-making.
B) Removing options that fail to meet criteria.
C) Choosing based on the most attractive feature.
D) Using only intuition.

A

Answer: B

24
Q

The illusion of control refers to:

A) Underestimating personal influence on events.
B) Overestimating control over uncontrollable outcomes.
C) Accepting the randomness of life events.
D) Avoiding responsibility for decisions.

A

Answer: B

25
Q

What principle ensures that practitioners aim to help clients while causing minimal harm?

A) Beneficence and nonmaleficence
B) Right to confidentiality
C) Justice
D) Integrity

A

Answer: A

26
Q

Which ethical principle allows clients to keep their identities anonymous?

A) Right to withdraw from therapy
B) Beneficence and nonmaleficence
C) Right of confidentiality
D) Integrity

A

Answer: C

27
Q

The principle of “right to informed consent” ensures that:

A) Clients understand what they are signing up for.
B) Therapists maintain confidentiality.
C) Clients receive therapeutic interventions without their knowledge.
D) Therapists can manipulate the client’s decisions.

A

Answer: A

28
Q

Deception in therapy should be used:

A) As often as possible to help the client.
B) Only when necessary and with careful review.
C) To enhance client comfort in every session.
D) For every minor misunderstanding in the therapeutic relationship.

A

Answer: B

29
Q

A therapist’s duty to take responsibility for their actions and act respectfully is described by the ethical principle of:

A) Respect
B) Integrity
C) Responsibility
D) Justice

A

Answer: C

30
Q

A therapist’s honesty and absence of fraud in professional matters falls under which ethical principle?

A) Justice
B) Integrity
C) Beneficence
D) Confidentiality

A

Answer: B

31
Q

The ethical principle that involves treating clients fairly and equally is known as:

A) Respect
B) Beneficence
C) Justice
D) Integrity

A

Answer: C

32
Q

In the therapeutic relationship, what is crucial for establishing trust and comfort?

A) Close friendship with the client
B) A strict professional boundary
C) Unconditional positive regard
D) Avoiding any personal interaction

A

Answer: C

33
Q

The term “multiple relationships” refers to:

A) A therapist being in one professional role with a client and a different personal relationship simultaneously.
B) A therapist having multiple clients with similar needs.
C) A client switching therapists frequently.
D) The therapist’s participation in many professional roles.

A

Answer: A

34
Q

Transference occurs when:

A) The therapist projects their own issues onto the client.
B) A client’s feelings about others are unconsciously transferred to the therapist.
C) The therapist avoids any emotional involvement with the client.
D) The therapist analyzes the client’s behavior objectively.

A

Answer: B

35
Q

What is the potential issue when a therapist and client become friends outside of therapy?

A) It can strengthen the therapeutic bond.
B) It creates a dual relationship, which can impair therapy.
C) It leads to better treatment outcomes.
D) It is encouraged by ethical guidelines.

A

Answer: B

36
Q

Informed consent for individuals legally incapable of giving consent involves:

A) A family member making the decision.
B) Seeking assent and involving a legally authorized person.
C) The therapist making the decision without input from the individual.
D) The therapist deciding on behalf of the individual based on their best judgment.

A

Answer: B

37
Q

Psychologists must protect confidential information obtained through their work except when:

A) It is necessary for research purposes.
B) A legal exception exists or is requested by law.
C) The client explicitly requests the information to be shared.
D) The therapist finds it helpful to discuss with colleagues.

A

Answer: B

38
Q

When psychologists learn their work is being misused, they must:

A) Ignore it unless it affects them personally.
B) Correct or minimize the misuse.
C) Continue working with the same individuals despite the misuse.
D) Report the issue only if it involves illegal activity.

A

Answer: B

39
Q

In emergency situations, psychologists may provide services:

A) Only if they have formal training in the specific situation.
B) To ensure clients are not denied services, even without necessary training.
C) Only if the individual has a pre-existing treatment plan.
D) If their professional reputation is at risk.

A

Answer: B

40
Q

Exploitative relationships in psychology are prohibited, meaning psychologists must not:

A) Help clients find employment.
B) Exploit individuals with whom they have authority, such as clients or students.
C) Treat clients with low socio-economic backgrounds.
D) Use clients’ data for research purposes without consent.

A

Answer: B

41
Q

The goal of therapeutic intervention is to:

A) Diagnose and label clients with a disorder.
B) Modify self-destructive behaviors and improve thoughts and feelings.
C) Ensure the therapist’s personal beliefs are projected onto the client.
D) Establish a professional distance with the client at all times.

A

Answer: B

42
Q

Which of the following models describes a decision-making process where features are compared incrementally until one is chosen?

A) Single-feature model
B) Additive feature model
C) Elimination by aspects model
D) Heuristic model

A

Answer: C

43
Q

The single-feature model is based on:

A) Evaluating a single characteristic to make a decision.
B) Adding all features together to make a decision.
C) Comparing features in a series of steps.
D) Using heuristics to make quick decisions.

A

Answer: A

44
Q

The additive feature model involves:

A) Focusing on a single feature of the decision.
B) Adding the pros and cons of different options to decide.
C) Eliminating options based on a specific aspect.
D) Using random choice to make a decision.

A

Answer: B

45
Q

Heuristics in decision-making are best described as:

A) Rigorous algorithms that guarantee the right decision.
B) Intuitive strategies for making quick, often unconscious decisions.
C) Fully informed and deliberate decision-making processes.
D) A process involving multiple features of decision-making.

A

Answer: B

46
Q

The illusion of choice refers to:

A) Believing that more options will lead to better decisions.
B) Thinking one has control over uncontrollable outcomes.
C) Knowing exactly what the outcomes of decisions will be.
D) Having too many options but being unable to make a choice.

A

Answer: B

47
Q

What cognitive bias makes people interpret information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs?

A) Illusion of control
B) Confirmation bias
C) Availability heuristic
D) Anchoring bias

A

Answer: B

48
Q

Which of the following is not a barrier to perceptual accuracy?

A) Lack of knowledge about the situation
B) Emotional states influencing perception
C) Over-reliance on critical thinking
D) Cognitive overload

A

Answer: C

49
Q

In therapy, what is an important element for maintaining a healthy therapeutic relationship?

A) Dual relationships with the client
B) Professional boundaries and clear ethical guidelines
C) Avoiding all emotional involvement with the client
D) Regular social interaction outside the therapy sessions

A

Answer: B

50
Q

Which of the following best describes clinical judgment?

A) Analyzing data through a scientific lens without considering personal biases.
B) Making an informed decision based on the client’s responses and circumstances.
C) Using a strict set of diagnostic tools to determine a treatment plan.
D) Relying on intuition alone to understand a client’s needs.

A

Answer: B

Clinical Psychology (5 decks)

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