Midterm Review (Part 3)

Question 1

describe phenolic compounds

Answer 1

• water soluble
• have aromatic ring with OH
• intense absorption in UV region

Question 2

flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins are all_____

essential oils, triperenoids and carotenoids are alll ____

Answer 2

phenolic compounds

terpenoid compounds

Question 3

describe structure of flavonoids

Answer 3

• 6 3 6
• 15C
• 2 phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring

Question 4

what flavonoid is red, pink, scarlet, violet?

Answer 4

anthocyanins

Question 5

what flavonoids are colorless in flowers?

Answer 5

flavonols and flavones

Question 6

what flavonoids are colouless in leaves and fruit?

Answer 6

flavonones

Question 7

what flavonoids are colourless in roots?

Answer 7

isoflavanones

Question 8

whare are 3 common flavonols?

Answer 8

kaempferol
quercetin
myricetin

Question 9

why do flavones have diff UV absorption?

Answer 9

lack a 3-hydroxyl substitution

Question 10

what are 2 common flavones?

Answer 10

apigenin

luteolin

Question 11

what do tannins do when tissue is damaged?

Answer 11

tannins react w/ protein to make them less accessible to digestive proteases

Question 12

2 types of tannins?

Answer 12

1) condensed tannins
- in ferns and conifers
- formation: catechin condensation –> forms dimers and oligomers
- lower astringency (eg. wine grapes)

2) hydrolysable tannins
- dicotyledone plants
- gallic tannis
- ellagic tannins
- higher astringency

Question 13

ternepoids are based on what molecule?

Answer 13

isoprene

Question 14

gen formula of terpenoids?

Answer 14

(C5H8)n

Question 15

diff b/w terpenes and terpenoids?

Answer 15

terpenes: hydrocarbones
terpenoids: compoudns derived from terpenes but have an O atom

Question 16

what are properties of terpenoids

Answer 16

lipid properties

Question 17

2 groups of essential oils?

Answer 17

monoterpens

sesquiterpenes (higher BP)

Question 18

4 groups of triterpenes?

Answer 18

true triterpenoid
steroids
sapnonin
cardiac glcosides

Question 19

function of triterpenes?

Answer 19

in waxy coating of leaves

protects from microbial attach

Question 20

what is the precursor for all plant and animal sterols?

Answer 20

aqualene

Question 21

characteristics of triterpenoid sapnonins?

Answer 21

• amphipathic glycosides
• has one hydrophilic glycoside moiety with a lipophilic triterpene
• function reduces surface tension of water with foaming; will break down lipids

Question 22

what are cardiac gycosides?

Answer 22

• increases output force of the heart

- incr HR contractions by acting on Na/K ATPase pump

Question 23

2 functions of carotenoids?

Answer 23

• pigments

- acessory pigment in photosynthesis

Question 24

2 classes of carotenoids?

Answer 24

1) hydrocarbon: based on lycopene

2) oxygenated erivatives

Question 25

describe alkaloids

Answer 25

• largest class of phytochemicals

- has N atoms, usually in a cyclic system

Question 26

3 groups of alkaloids?

Answer 26

1) true alkaloids: have N in heterocycle; originate from AAs
2) protoalkaloids: amine; N is not in ring
3) pseudoalkaloids: do not originate from AAs

Question 27

Scientific name, bioactive compound, compound class of cannabis?

Answer 27

bannabis stativa
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
cannabinoid

Question 28

CBD vs THC?

Answer 28

THC:

• main psychoactive compound (binds with cannabinoid 1 - CB1 receptors to produce euphoria)
• side effects: incr HR, dry mouth, red eyes, memory loss, slow rxn time

CBD:

• nonpsychoactive compound (binds weakly to CB1)
• few side effects

Question 29

what are 2 endocannabinoids?

Answer 29

anandaide

2-arachidonoglycerol

Question 30

what are 2 endocannabinoid receptors? where are they found?

Answer 30

CB1: in CNS

CB2: in PNS, esp immune cells

Question 31

THC can bind to what?

Answer 31

CB1 and CB2 receptors

Question 32

CBD prevents breakdown of what?

Answer 32

endocannabinoids

Question 33

Scientific name, bioactive compound, compound class of rhodiola?

Answer 33

rhodiola rosea
rosin
glycoside ester of cinnamyl alcohol
uses: anxiety, depression, fatigue

mechanism:
1) influences MAs (5-HT, dop, NE)
2) prevent catecholamine release and cAMP elevation