Midterm Review (Part 3) Flashcards
describe phenolic compounds
- water soluble
- have aromatic ring with OH
- intense absorption in UV region
flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins are all_____
essential oils, triperenoids and carotenoids are alll ____
phenolic compounds
terpenoid compounds
describe structure of flavonoids
- 6 3 6
- 15C
- 2 phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring
what flavonoid is red, pink, scarlet, violet?
anthocyanins
what flavonoids are colorless in flowers?
flavonols and flavones
what flavonoids are colouless in leaves and fruit?
flavonones
what flavonoids are colourless in roots?
isoflavanones
whare are 3 common flavonols?
kaempferol
quercetin
myricetin
why do flavones have diff UV absorption?
lack a 3-hydroxyl substitution
what are 2 common flavones?
apigenin
luteolin
what do tannins do when tissue is damaged?
tannins react w/ protein to make them less accessible to digestive proteases
2 types of tannins?
1) condensed tannins
- in ferns and conifers
- formation: catechin condensation –> forms dimers and oligomers
- lower astringency (eg. wine grapes)
2) hydrolysable tannins
- dicotyledone plants
- gallic tannis
- ellagic tannins
- higher astringency
ternepoids are based on what molecule?
isoprene
gen formula of terpenoids?
(C5H8)n
diff b/w terpenes and terpenoids?
terpenes: hydrocarbones
terpenoids: compoudns derived from terpenes but have an O atom
what are properties of terpenoids
lipid properties
2 groups of essential oils?
monoterpens
sesquiterpenes (higher BP)
4 groups of triterpenes?
true triterpenoid
steroids
sapnonin
cardiac glcosides
function of triterpenes?
in waxy coating of leaves
protects from microbial attach
what is the precursor for all plant and animal sterols?
aqualene
characteristics of triterpenoid sapnonins?
- amphipathic glycosides
- has one hydrophilic glycoside moiety with a lipophilic triterpene
- function reduces surface tension of water with foaming; will break down lipids
what are cardiac gycosides?
- increases output force of the heart
- incr HR contractions by acting on Na/K ATPase pump
2 functions of carotenoids?
- pigments
- acessory pigment in photosynthesis
2 classes of carotenoids?
1) hydrocarbon: based on lycopene
2) oxygenated erivatives
describe alkaloids
- largest class of phytochemicals
- has N atoms, usually in a cyclic system
3 groups of alkaloids?
1) true alkaloids: have N in heterocycle; originate from AAs
2) protoalkaloids: amine; N is not in ring
3) pseudoalkaloids: do not originate from AAs
Scientific name, bioactive compound, compound class of cannabis?
bannabis stativa
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
cannabinoid
CBD vs THC?
THC:
- main psychoactive compound (binds with cannabinoid 1 - CB1 receptors to produce euphoria)
- side effects: incr HR, dry mouth, red eyes, memory loss, slow rxn time
CBD:
- nonpsychoactive compound (binds weakly to CB1)
- few side effects
what are 2 endocannabinoids?
anandaide
2-arachidonoglycerol
what are 2 endocannabinoid receptors? where are they found?
CB1: in CNS
CB2: in PNS, esp immune cells
THC can bind to what?
CB1 and CB2 receptors
CBD prevents breakdown of what?
endocannabinoids
Scientific name, bioactive compound, compound class of rhodiola?
rhodiola rosea
rosin
glycoside ester of cinnamyl alcohol
uses: anxiety, depression, fatigue
mechanism:
1) influences MAs (5-HT, dop, NE)
2) prevent catecholamine release and cAMP elevation
