Midterm Review (Part 1) Flashcards
Scientific name of Tobacco
nicotina rustica
bioactive in tobacco?
nicotine
class of nicotine?
alkaloid
uses of tobacco?
stimulant and sedative
why is tobacco highly addictive?
it stimulates Ach receptors on dopamine neurons
overflow of dopamine in reward centers
activates SNS which releases epinephrine
sci name of morning glory?
ipomoeae tricolor
bioactive of morning glory?
ergine
class of ergine?
ergoline alkaloid
peroperties or morning glory?
hallucinogenic
psychedeli
sci name of jimson weed?
datura stamonium
bioactive compound and its class in jimson weed?
atropine
tropane alkaloid
properties of jimson weed
entheogenic and hallucinogenic
mechanism in morning glory?
ergot alkaloids acts as an agonist
causes vasoconstriction
stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
inhibits reuptake of NE
what did ergot alkaloids cause in st anthoy’s fire?
dry gangrene
due to eating rye with ergot fungus which produces ergot alkaloids
what are characteristics of tropane alkaloids
- anti-cholinergic (inhibits Ach
- suppresses PSNS
- can cause pronounced amnesia, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
what is a medicinal use of tropane alkaloids?
atropine eye drops to dilate pubils
sci name for snow drop?
galanthus nivalis
what was snowdrop first used to treat?
alzheimer’s disease
describe mechanism of snow drop?
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
what counteracts effects of jimson weed?
snow drop is anti-cholinergic
it counteracts cholinergic effects of jimson weed
where is Ach found?
- motor neuron
- brain
- autonomic NS
what is used to treat alzheimers and dementia?
Ach
what is another name for ionotropic receptors?
nicotinic
what is another name of metabotropic receptors?
muscarinic
what is PAM? how does it affect Ach?
positive allosteric modulator
increases Ach action
Scientific name of fly agaric?
amanita muscaria
bioacitive compound and class of fly agaric?
muscarine
alkaloid
what is the main active component of fly agaric?
what is the main psychoactive compound?
main: muscarine
main psychoactive: muscimol and ibotenic acid (pre-drug)
muscarine mimics action of what NT? what does this cause?
Ach
1) activation of PSNS
2) circulatory collapse and death
what is fly agaric used to treat?
glaucoma
what occurs with amanita poisoning?
- nausea, stomach aches, vomiting, etc…
- dissociative effects
- changes in perception, euphoria, relaxation, hypnotic, sedative
what is the cause of hallucinations and toxicity from fly agaric (amanita muscaria)?
musimol and its pre-drug ibotenic acid
what is the pre-drug of muscimol?
ibotenic acid
what are characteristics of muscimol?
- GABAa receptor agonist
- causes drunkeness, sedative, euphoria, dissociative effect
describe ibotenic acid
- agonist of NMDA metabotropic glutamate receptors
- responsible for nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting associated w/ amanita ingestion
what is NMDA?
n-methyl-d-aspartate
a glutamate receptor
what are the three AA NTs?
glutamate
GABA
glycine
function of glutamate?
excites cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, hippocampus, cerebellum
what does glutamate treat? how?
treats ALS
by exciting motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
glutamate receptors are all _____
ecitatory
what are ionotropic glutamate receptors?
NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor
what type of receptor is responsible for excitotoxity and cell death?
extrasynaptic NMDA receptors
what type of NMDA receptor is imp for health of cells?
synaptic NMDA receptors
what are conditions linked to excitotoxicity?
stroke brain injury MS ALS alzheimer's spinal injury
what is the function of GABA?
INHIBITS cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, etc.. (the CNS)
Anxiety means too little of ____
GABA
what is used to treat anxiety and drug abuse?
how?
what does it result in?
GABA
inhibits motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
results in: sedation, muscular/cardiovascular relaxation, inhibits pain
describe the receptors of GABA
all inhibitory
describe effects on benzos and barbs on the GABA receptor?
what do these terms stand for?
benzodiazepine: sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic
barbiturates: CNS depressant, hypnotic, anxiolytic
how many subunits in GABA?
5
where is glycine found? what does it do? what does it treat? what receptors does it have?
found in spinal cord
inhibits spinal cord interneurons
treats spasticity
receptors are ionotropic Cl- channel
what are 2 types of monoamines?
1) catecholamines: dopamine and epinephrine
2) indolamines: serotonin
which MAs are synthesized from tyrosine?
which are synthesized from tryptophan?
tyrosine –> dopamine and epineprhine and norepi
tryptophan –> serotonin
what enzyme degrades MAs?
MAO = monoamine oxidase
what is the scientific name of ayahuasca?
bioactive and compound class?
what are its uses?
baniesteriopsis caapi
bioactive: harmine
compound class: alkaloid
use: MAOI and entheogenic
what are the 3 ingredients in ayahuasca?
MAOI inhibitor
DMT containing plants
non-DMT containing plants
what are the main actions of harmine in B. caapi?
what is it commonly used for?
1) acts as a MAOI
inhibits breakdown of MAs (serotonin and dopamine). Conc of serotonin and dopamine increases. Thus, used as an anti-depressant
2) induces proliferation of alpha and beta pancreas cells –> inhibits DYRK1A enzyme pathway (imp for supressing and regulating cell proliferation). Thus used by diabetics
what causes hallucinogenic propertis in Ayahuasca?
DMT
DMT is a derivative of what?
can it be produced endogenously?
how can it be not absorbed?
tryptamine
can be produced endogenously
can’t be absorbed if eaten b/c MAO will metabolize it before entering bloodstream; must be snuffed
what is the mechanism of DMT action? how does it accumulate?
agonist of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2c receptor
2C receptor but not 2A receptor, will show desensitization will repeated exposure to DMT
thus DMT accumulates in cerebral cortex, caudate, putamen, amygdala
where is serotonin found?
brain and brainstem
pineal gland
raphe nuclei
limbic function
what is serotonin imp for?
emotions mood hunger sex instincts temp sleep
what is serotonin used to treat?
depression
sleep regulation
what is the function of 5-HT in the gut? how is it produced? how does gut bacteria influence it?
function: control bowel mvmts
produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells lining the digestive tract
gut bacteria produces (1) SCFAs to incr serotonin prod from EC and (2) incr availability of tryptophan
what happens with low serotonin?
what happens with high serotonin?
low: depression, anxiety, high pain sensitivity, sleep distrubances, fatigue
high: medical emergency, possible death
what is analgesic?
pain relieving medicine
what is an antibiotic?
agent that inhibits growht or kills a living organism
define calmative
agent w/ mild sedative or calming effects
define diaphoretic
agent that induces sweating
define purgative
agent that causes watery evacuation of bowels
what two areas of the brain is dopamine found in?
what is each responsible for?
1) substantia nigra: reward, addiction, mvmt
2) hypothalamus: PRL release
describe the D1 receptor
D1: metabotropic dopamine excitatory
D2: receptor metabotropic dopamine inhibitory
what are the three dopamine pathways?
what are they each responsible for?
what happens if you have high or low dopamine in each?
1) mesocorticolimbic pathway: mood and reward
high - tics
low - parkinson’s
2) nigrostriatal pathway: mvmt
high - psychosis, euphoria, hallucinations
low - therapeutic effects of antipsychotics
3) tuberinfundubular: prolactin
high - inhibits PRL
low - hyperlactinemia, galactorrhea, low GnRH (amenorrhea)
what is the sci name, main bioactive and compound class of coca?
erythroxylon coca
cocaine
alkaloid
why is cocaine addictive?
due to effects on dopamine reward pathway
what are risks of cocaine?
stroke heart attack lung problems blood infections sudden cardiac death
describe effects of cocaine
how does this occur?
what happens with chronic use?
effects: mental stimulation, euphora, reduced sleep
mechanism: cocaine blocks reuptake of MAs –> this increases higher absorption and effects of MAs (dopamine) at D2 receptor
chronic use leads to less D2 receptor –> thus need even more cocaine to feel same effect (same as nicotine)
which nervous system is associated with norepinephrine?
ANS - sympathetic neurons (fight or flight response)
norepinephrine is used to treat what?
AHDD
anxiety
cardiac failure
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of ephedra?
ephedra sinica
ephedrine and pseudophedrine
alkaloid
stimulant
what are the major effects of ephedrine alkaloid
side effects?
who used this alot?
CNS stimulation and cardiac stimulation
side effects: trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache
used by bodybuilders b/c high wt loss. Thus was banned
what is the mechanism of ephedrine?
1) enters pre-synaptic neuron via NET
2) enters synaptic vesicle via VMAT
3) metabolites are broken down via MAO
4) NA is released into cytoplasm and synaptic cleft by NET
NET = norepi transporter VMAT = vesicular MA transporter
where are purines found?
which receptors are they?
brain, heart, kidneys, adipose tissues: have P2Y and P1 receptors
neurons and glial cells in CNS and PNS: have P2X receptors
what receptors are the oldest and most abundant in all organisms? why?
purinergic receptors
b/c the ionotropic P2X receptor binds ATP
what is the major purine receptors?
what molecule is each one related too?
ionotropic: P2X receptor (ATP)
metabotropic:
P1 receptor (Adenosine)
P2Y receptor( ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, UDP-glucose)
ATP and adenosine are v imp in ______
sleep
what are the 3 circles in sleep regulation? what is each driven by?
timing/rhythm: light/dark and hormones (eg. melatonin)
sleep drive: neurochemicals (eg. adenosine)
environment and behaviors: sleep distrurbance
in the circadian rhythm, what is high in the morning? what is high at night?
morning: cortisol
night: melatonin
adenosine promotes ____
why?
promotes sleep
b/c it decreases activity of cholinergic neurons
high adenosine means high ATP breakdown, which means low energy
caffeine is an antagonist for _____ receptors
which receptor specifically is responsible for alertness?
all adenosine receptors
A2a receptor
describe caffeine mechanism
- adenosine and caffeine have similar shape. both can bind to adenosine receptor
- when caffeine is not present, A bind to AR = results in tired feeling
- when caffeine is present, C binds to AR instead of C. Thus, this stops the effects of AR and there is no tired feeling
- NE can also bind to AR naturally, resulting in stimulation
- with long-term effects of C blocking A, NE decreases and brain relies more on caffeine for alertness
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of coffee?
coffea arabica
caffeine
alkaloid
stimulant
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of tea?
camellia sinensis
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
catechin polyphneol
antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of cocoa?
theobroma cacao
theobromine
alkaloid
vasodilator, diuretic, heart stimulant
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of yerba mate?
ilex paraguariensis
theobromine
alkaloid
stimulant
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of guarana?
paulinia cupana
caffeine
alkaloid
stimulant
what is the mechanism of coffee, tea, cocoa, yerba, guarana (caffeine)?
adeosine antagonism
what is the mechanism of nicotine?
nACh agonist
what is the main mechanism of ephedrine?
alpha and beta adrenergic agonist
what is the main mechanism of cocaine?
blocks monoamine reuptake
what is the main function of sedatives?
how does this occur?
CNS depression
1) incr neuron inhibition
2) decr neuronal excitation
what are the 3 types of herbal sedatives?
what is the action of each?
1) GABA receptor agonist
- effects for benzodiazepines and barbituates (sedatives)
- enhances GABA activity by blocking reuptake or increasing its release
2) glutamate receptor antagonist
3) blocking of voltage gated ion channels
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of valerian?
valeriana officinalis
valerenic acid
sesquiterpene
sedative
what are 3 main phytochemicals causing sedative effects in valerian?
what are their mechanisms?
monoterpenes
sesquiterpenes
alkaloids
mech:
1) incr GABA release
2) decr GABA breakdown
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of chamomile?
what is the mechanism?
matricaria recutita
apigenin
flavonoid
sedative
mechanism
apigenin binds to benzo receptors on GABA
what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class, uses and mechanism of kava?
piper methysticum
kavain
kavalactone
sedative
mechanism:
1) GABA
2) voltage gated ion channels: inhibits Na channels and rel of glutamate
3) inhibits MAO
4) eicosanoids: inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) –> decr synth of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) –> incr GABA
