Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Herbs, Foods, Phytochemicals > Midterm Review (Part 1) > Flashcards

Midterm Review (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific name of Tobacco

A

nicotina rustica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bioactive in tobacco?

A

nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

class of nicotine?

A

alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

uses of tobacco?

A

stimulant and sedative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is tobacco highly addictive?

A

it stimulates Ach receptors on dopamine neurons

overflow of dopamine in reward centers

activates SNS which releases epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sci name of morning glory?

A

ipomoeae tricolor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bioactive of morning glory?

A

ergine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

class of ergine?

A

ergoline alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peroperties or morning glory?

A

hallucinogenic

psychedeli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sci name of jimson weed?

A

datura stamonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bioactive compound and its class in jimson weed?

A

atropine

tropane alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

properties of jimson weed

A

entheogenic and hallucinogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mechanism in morning glory?

A

ergot alkaloids acts as an agonist

causes vasoconstriction
stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
inhibits reuptake of NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what did ergot alkaloids cause in st anthoy’s fire?

A

dry gangrene

due to eating rye with ergot fungus which produces ergot alkaloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are characteristics of tropane alkaloids

A
  • anti-cholinergic (inhibits Ach
  • suppresses PSNS
  • can cause pronounced amnesia, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a medicinal use of tropane alkaloids?

A

atropine eye drops to dilate pubils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sci name for snow drop?

A

galanthus nivalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what was snowdrop first used to treat?

A

alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe mechanism of snow drop?

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what counteracts effects of jimson weed?

A

snow drop is anti-cholinergic

it counteracts cholinergic effects of jimson weed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is Ach found?

A
  • motor neuron
  • brain
  • autonomic NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is used to treat alzheimers and dementia?

A

Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is another name for ionotropic receptors?

A

nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is another name of metabotropic receptors?

A

muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is PAM? how does it affect Ach?

A

positive allosteric modulator

increases Ach action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Scientific name of fly agaric?

A

amanita muscaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

bioacitive compound and class of fly agaric?

A

muscarine

alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the main active component of fly agaric?

what is the main psychoactive compound?

A

main: muscarine

main psychoactive: muscimol and ibotenic acid (pre-drug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

muscarine mimics action of what NT? what does this cause?

A

Ach

1) activation of PSNS
2) circulatory collapse and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is fly agaric used to treat?

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what occurs with amanita poisoning?

A
  • nausea, stomach aches, vomiting, etc…
  • dissociative effects
  • changes in perception, euphoria, relaxation, hypnotic, sedative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the cause of hallucinations and toxicity from fly agaric (amanita muscaria)?

A

musimol and its pre-drug ibotenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the pre-drug of muscimol?

A

ibotenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are characteristics of muscimol?

A
  • GABAa receptor agonist

- causes drunkeness, sedative, euphoria, dissociative effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe ibotenic acid

A
  • agonist of NMDA metabotropic glutamate receptors

- responsible for nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting associated w/ amanita ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is NMDA?

A

n-methyl-d-aspartate

a glutamate receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the three AA NTs?

A

glutamate
GABA
glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of glutamate?

A

excites cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, hippocampus, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does glutamate treat? how?

A

treats ALS

by exciting motor, sensory and cognitive neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

glutamate receptors are all _____

A

ecitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what type of receptor is responsible for excitotoxity and cell death?

A

extrasynaptic NMDA receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what type of NMDA receptor is imp for health of cells?

A

synaptic NMDA receptors

44
Q

what are conditions linked to excitotoxicity?

A 
stroke
brain injury
MS
ALS
alzheimer's
spinal injury
45
Q

what is the function of GABA?

A

INHIBITS cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, etc.. (the CNS)

46
Q

Anxiety means too little of ____

A

GABA

47
Q

what is used to treat anxiety and drug abuse?

how?

what does it result in?

A

GABA

inhibits motor, sensory and cognitive neurons

results in: sedation, muscular/cardiovascular relaxation, inhibits pain

48
Q

describe the receptors of GABA

A

all inhibitory

49
Q

describe effects on benzos and barbs on the GABA receptor?

what do these terms stand for?

A

benzodiazepine: sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic
barbiturates: CNS depressant, hypnotic, anxiolytic

50
Q

how many subunits in GABA?

A

5

51
Q

where is glycine found? what does it do? what does it treat? what receptors does it have?

A

found in spinal cord

inhibits spinal cord interneurons

treats spasticity

receptors are ionotropic Cl- channel

52
Q

what are 2 types of monoamines?

A

1) catecholamines: dopamine and epinephrine

2) indolamines: serotonin

53
Q

which MAs are synthesized from tyrosine?

which are synthesized from tryptophan?

A

tyrosine –> dopamine and epineprhine and norepi

tryptophan –> serotonin

54
Q

what enzyme degrades MAs?

A

MAO = monoamine oxidase

55
Q

what is the scientific name of ayahuasca?

bioactive and compound class?

what are its uses?

A

baniesteriopsis caapi
bioactive: harmine
compound class: alkaloid
use: MAOI and entheogenic

56
Q

what are the 3 ingredients in ayahuasca?

A

MAOI inhibitor
DMT containing plants
non-DMT containing plants

57
Q

what are the main actions of harmine in B. caapi?

what is it commonly used for?

A

1) acts as a MAOI
inhibits breakdown of MAs (serotonin and dopamine). Conc of serotonin and dopamine increases. Thus, used as an anti-depressant

2) induces proliferation of alpha and beta pancreas cells –> inhibits DYRK1A enzyme pathway (imp for supressing and regulating cell proliferation). Thus used by diabetics

58
Q

what causes hallucinogenic propertis in Ayahuasca?

A

DMT

59
Q

DMT is a derivative of what?

can it be produced endogenously?

how can it be not absorbed?

A

tryptamine

can be produced endogenously

can’t be absorbed if eaten b/c MAO will metabolize it before entering bloodstream; must be snuffed

60
Q

what is the mechanism of DMT action? how does it accumulate?

A

agonist of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2c receptor

2C receptor but not 2A receptor, will show desensitization will repeated exposure to DMT

thus DMT accumulates in cerebral cortex, caudate, putamen, amygdala

61
Q

where is serotonin found?

A

brain and brainstem
pineal gland
raphe nuclei
limbic function

62
Q

what is serotonin imp for?

A 
emotions
mood
hunger
sex
instincts
temp
sleep
63
Q

what is serotonin used to treat?

A

depression

sleep regulation

64
Q

what is the function of 5-HT in the gut? how is it produced? how does gut bacteria influence it?

A

function: control bowel mvmts

produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells lining the digestive tract

gut bacteria produces (1) SCFAs to incr serotonin prod from EC and (2) incr availability of tryptophan

65
Q

what happens with low serotonin?

what happens with high serotonin?

A

low: depression, anxiety, high pain sensitivity, sleep distrubances, fatigue
high: medical emergency, possible death

66
Q

what is analgesic?

A

pain relieving medicine

67
Q

what is an antibiotic?

A

agent that inhibits growht or kills a living organism

68
Q

define calmative

A

agent w/ mild sedative or calming effects

69
Q

define diaphoretic

A

agent that induces sweating

70
Q

define purgative

A

agent that causes watery evacuation of bowels

71
Q

what two areas of the brain is dopamine found in?

what is each responsible for?

A

1) substantia nigra: reward, addiction, mvmt

2) hypothalamus: PRL release

72
Q

describe the D1 receptor

A

D1: metabotropic dopamine excitatory

D2: receptor metabotropic dopamine inhibitory

73
Q

what are the three dopamine pathways?

what are they each responsible for?

what happens if you have high or low dopamine in each?

A

1) mesocorticolimbic pathway: mood and reward
high - tics
low - parkinson’s

2) nigrostriatal pathway: mvmt
high - psychosis, euphoria, hallucinations
low - therapeutic effects of antipsychotics

3) tuberinfundubular: prolactin
high - inhibits PRL
low - hyperlactinemia, galactorrhea, low GnRH (amenorrhea)

74
Q

what is the sci name, main bioactive and compound class of coca?

A

erythroxylon coca

cocaine
alkaloid

75
Q

why is cocaine addictive?

A

due to effects on dopamine reward pathway

76
Q

what are risks of cocaine?

A 
stroke
heart attack
lung problems
blood infections
sudden cardiac death
77
Q

describe effects of cocaine

how does this occur?

what happens with chronic use?

A

effects: mental stimulation, euphora, reduced sleep
mechanism: cocaine blocks reuptake of MAs –> this increases higher absorption and effects of MAs (dopamine) at D2 receptor

chronic use leads to less D2 receptor –> thus need even more cocaine to feel same effect (same as nicotine)

78
Q

which nervous system is associated with norepinephrine?

A

ANS - sympathetic neurons (fight or flight response)

79
Q

norepinephrine is used to treat what?

A

AHDD
anxiety
cardiac failure

80
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of ephedra?

A

ephedra sinica

ephedrine and pseudophedrine

alkaloid

stimulant

81
Q

what are the major effects of ephedrine alkaloid

side effects?

who used this alot?

A

CNS stimulation and cardiac stimulation

side effects: trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache

used by bodybuilders b/c high wt loss. Thus was banned

82
Q

what is the mechanism of ephedrine?

A

1) enters pre-synaptic neuron via NET
2) enters synaptic vesicle via VMAT
3) metabolites are broken down via MAO
4) NA is released into cytoplasm and synaptic cleft by NET

NET = norepi transporter
VMAT = vesicular MA transporter
83
Q

where are purines found?

which receptors are they?

A

brain, heart, kidneys, adipose tissues: have P2Y and P1 receptors

neurons and glial cells in CNS and PNS: have P2X receptors

84
Q

what receptors are the oldest and most abundant in all organisms? why?

A

purinergic receptors

b/c the ionotropic P2X receptor binds ATP

85
Q

what is the major purine receptors?

what molecule is each one related too?

A

ionotropic: P2X receptor (ATP)
metabotropic:
P1 receptor (Adenosine)
P2Y receptor( ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, UDP-glucose)

86
Q

ATP and adenosine are v imp in ______

A

sleep

87
Q

what are the 3 circles in sleep regulation? what is each driven by?

A

timing/rhythm: light/dark and hormones (eg. melatonin)

sleep drive: neurochemicals (eg. adenosine)

environment and behaviors: sleep distrurbance

88
Q

in the circadian rhythm, what is high in the morning? what is high at night?

A

morning: cortisol
night: melatonin

89
Q

adenosine promotes ____

why?

A

promotes sleep

b/c it decreases activity of cholinergic neurons

high adenosine means high ATP breakdown, which means low energy

90
Q

caffeine is an antagonist for _____ receptors

which receptor specifically is responsible for alertness?

A

all adenosine receptors

A2a receptor

91
Q

describe caffeine mechanism

A
  • adenosine and caffeine have similar shape. both can bind to adenosine receptor
  • when caffeine is not present, A bind to AR = results in tired feeling
  • when caffeine is present, C binds to AR instead of C. Thus, this stops the effects of AR and there is no tired feeling
  • NE can also bind to AR naturally, resulting in stimulation
  • with long-term effects of C blocking A, NE decreases and brain relies more on caffeine for alertness
92
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of coffee?

A

coffea arabica
caffeine
alkaloid
stimulant

93
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of tea?

A

camellia sinensis
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
catechin polyphneol
antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial

94
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of cocoa?

A

theobroma cacao
theobromine
alkaloid
vasodilator, diuretic, heart stimulant

95
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of yerba mate?

A

ilex paraguariensis
theobromine
alkaloid
stimulant

96
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of guarana?

A

paulinia cupana
caffeine
alkaloid
stimulant

97
Q

what is the mechanism of coffee, tea, cocoa, yerba, guarana (caffeine)?

A

adeosine antagonism

98
Q

what is the mechanism of nicotine?

A

nACh agonist

99
Q

what is the main mechanism of ephedrine?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic agonist

100
Q

what is the main mechanism of cocaine?

A

blocks monoamine reuptake

101
Q

what is the main function of sedatives?

how does this occur?

A

CNS depression

1) incr neuron inhibition
2) decr neuronal excitation

102
Q

what are the 3 types of herbal sedatives?

what is the action of each?

A

1) GABA receptor agonist
- effects for benzodiazepines and barbituates (sedatives)
- enhances GABA activity by blocking reuptake or increasing its release

2) glutamate receptor antagonist
3) blocking of voltage gated ion channels

103
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of valerian?

A

valeriana officinalis

valerenic acid

sesquiterpene

sedative

104
Q

what are 3 main phytochemicals causing sedative effects in valerian?

what are their mechanisms?

A

monoterpenes
sesquiterpenes
alkaloids

mech:

1) incr GABA release
2) decr GABA breakdown

105
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class and uses of chamomile?

what is the mechanism?

A

matricaria recutita
apigenin
flavonoid
sedative

mechanism
apigenin binds to benzo receptors on GABA

106
Q

what is the sci name, bioactive compound, compound class, uses and mechanism of kava?

A

piper methysticum
kavain
kavalactone
sedative

mechanism:

1) GABA
2) voltage gated ion channels: inhibits Na channels and rel of glutamate
3) inhibits MAO
4) eicosanoids: inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) –> decr synth of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) –> incr GABA

Herbs, Foods, Phytochemicals (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions