Midterm Review (Part 2) Flashcards
define nootropic
what are main requirements of a nootropic?
enhances memory or other cognitive function
1) enhance memory and learning
2) help brain function under disruptive conditions
3) protect brain from chemical and physical assaults
4) incr neuronal firing
5) few/no side effects; non-toxic
what is PAM
positive allosteric modulator of the glutamate AMPA receptor
co-localized w/ cholinergic receptors
how do nootropics work?
1) more E to brain
2) incr chemical activity (more precursors, incr synthesis, incr receptor sensitivity) and decr NT breakdown
3) in cerebral blood flow
4) incr alpha brain waves (resp for meditative state for creativity)
5) neuroprotection
6) brain regeneration (incr NGF)
what is modafinil used to treat?
what is this condition caused by?
what is the result of using modafinil?
narcolepsy or sleep apnea
caused by dysfunction in orexin peptides (resp for sleep suppressing)
result: improve fatigue, motivation, brain function
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of ginkgo?
ginkgo biloba
ginkgolides
terpene lactone
cognitive enhancer
mechanism
1) cholinergic: incr Ach uptake
2) monoamine: incr 5-HT uptake
3) GABA: incr GABA levels
4) vascular: inhibits platelet activation factor
differentiate changes in Ach levels in short term vs long term memory
short term: incr Ach uptake
long-term: acute incr + long decrease and inhibition
how does ginkgo affect monoamines?
1) incr [serotonin]
2) inhibits MAO = incr [MAO]
3) reduces beta and alpha adrenergic receptors and activity
how does ginkgo affect GABA?
incr GABA
how does ginkgo affect blood circulation?
incr ginkgo = decr platelet activating factor (PAF) = decr blood platelets = improves microcirculation
PAF is imp for aggregation of blood platelets
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of ginseng?
panax ginseng
ginsengosides
alkaloid
cognitive enhancer and adaptogen
mech:
1) cholinergic: incr Ach
2) monoamines: incr/decr Da, NE, 5-HT
3) NO: incr epithelial synthesis in heart, lungs, kidneys
4) neurotropic: incr NGF
5) Ca flux
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of bacopa/brahmi
bacopa monnieri
bakosides
triterpenoid saponins
cognitive enhancer
mech
1) antioxidant and neuroprotection: decr lipid perodixation (involved in alzheimer’s parkinson’s, dementia)
2) cerebral blood flow and vasodilation (incr release of NO)
3) incr 5-HT
4) reduces ADHD
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of firmos
huperzia serrata
huperzine A
sesquiterpene alkaloid
cognitive enhancer
mech:
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor = incr [Ach]
- NMDA antagonist
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of indian coleus?
coleus foskolii
forskolin
labdane dietrpene
cognitive enhancer
commonly used for wt loss b/c:
1) it incr cAMP which increased responsiveness to stimuli
2) inhibits acetylcholinesterase = incr [Ach]
what is forskolin synergistic with? and why?
artichoke extract
- it contains luteolin, a PDE4 inhibitor
- PDE4 function: degrade cAMP (messenger in brain cells)
- cAMP function: produces proteins for neuron growth (long-term-potenriation - LTP)
- LTP function: where synaptic connections get stronger in response to stimulation in brain
thus forskolin + luteolin = decr PDE 4 = less cAMP degradation = more neuron growth = stronger synaptic connections to stimulation in brain
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of lion’s mane?
hericium erinaceus
hericenon/erinacine
cyanthin diterpenoids
cognitive enhancer
mech:
- enhances NGF = incr maintenance and regeneration of neurons
what is BDNF?
describe it
mechanism?
what is the net result?
brain derived neurotropic factor
- rel to NGF; supports nerve health; promotes growth of new nerves (neurogenesis) and synpases (synaptogenesis)
- found in brain and PNS; areas responsible for learning, memory, higher thinking
mech:
- clears GABA from synaptic cleft
- GABA moves to astrocyte via adenosine A2a receptor
- result: nerve pathways are more excitatory
how to incr BDNF?
can’t take as supplement; must be incr naturally:
1) natural environments: stimulatino
2) exercise
3) deep sleep
4) meditation
5) polyphenols
6) hypoxia
7) sunlight
8) intermittent fasting and ketosis
what blocks BDNF?
stress
sugar
social isolation
define eugeroics
promotes wakefulness and alertness
define neurotrophic
relates to growth of nervous tissue
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of calabar bean
physostigma venenosum
physostigmine
indole alkaloid
glaucoma
how does pysostigmine cause paralytic asphyxia?
it inhibits Ach-ase –> causes prolonged Ach effects
leads to death
how does physostigmine treat glaucoma?
what kind of drug is it described as? why?
stimulates parasympathetic nerves which contracts pupils
it is a parasympathomimetic/ cholinergic agent/miotic drug b/c it causes constriction of sphincter muscles –> pupils become SMALLER –> decreases intraocular pressure –> prevents damage to optic nerve and retina
what happens in the eye with:
a) sympathetic stimulation
b) para-sympathetic stimulation
what drug is an example of each?
a) mydriasis = constriction of radial muscles = pupil is bigger
eg. atropine (from deadly nightshade)
b) miosis = constriction of sphincter muscles = pupil is smaller
eg. physostigmine (from calabar bean)
what occurs in glaucoma?
drainage canal is blocked
fluid builds up in eye
result: pressure in the eye causing damage to optic nerves
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of deadly nightshade
atropa belladonna
atropine
tropane alkaloid
how can atropine cause death?
what is another effect?
by coma
1) it is a cholinergic blocking agent –> inhibits Ach
2) inhibits parasympathetic nerves –> dilates pupils
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of deadly castor bean?
ricinus communis
ricin
lectin (glycoprotein)
poison
mech:
ricin is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP = inhibits pro synth = inactivates ribosomes
what are 2 types of RIPs?
type 1: wheat and barley; not poisonous
type 2: castor bean: cytotoxic
is there ricin in castor oil?
no
the heating deactivated ricin
what are lectins
CHO-binding proteins
toxic
inactivated by proper processing or prep
what are 2 forms of lectins?
what are their functions?
ex of each?
prolamine: toxic lectins; storage proteins; eg. gluten
agglutinin: induces cluping of RBCs; eg. ricin, wheat germ agglutinin
what happens when gluten is digested?
gluten is broken down to gliadin + glutenin
gliadins cross gut barrier –> activates immune systems
gliadins signal zonulin from enterocytes to loosen tight junction –> junctions open and particles cross
what is zonulin
a protein that moddulates permeability of tight junctions b/w cells of digestive tract wall
what are pros and cons of semidwarf wheat
pros: higher grain yield; more resistant
cons: higher starch and gluten
what is WGA?
- wheat germ agglutinin
- part of plant’s defence mechanism
- increases gut permeability when it binds to EGF to open tight junctions
what happens when agglutinins pass through the BBB?
adsorptive endocytosis
- WGA binds to receptors and myelin sheaths on surface of membrane
- inhibits NGF
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of curare?
chondrodendron tomentosum
tubocurarine
alkaloid
anesthetic in surgeries ; relaxes muscles
mech
- blocks nACHR at junction
- antagonist of Ach
what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of foxglove?
digitalis purpurea
digoxin
cardiac glycoside
irregular heart beats
mech
1) diuretic action –> reduces fluid retention (symptom of heart disease)
2) promotes regular heartbeat –> more blood reaches kidneys –> excess fluids are removed
3) inhibits Na/K ATPase in heart –> decr HR and incr stoke vol
