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Herbs, Foods, Phytochemicals > Midterm Review (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm Review (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

define nootropic

what are main requirements of a nootropic?

A

enhances memory or other cognitive function

1) enhance memory and learning
2) help brain function under disruptive conditions
3) protect brain from chemical and physical assaults
4) incr neuronal firing
5) few/no side effects; non-toxic

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2
Q

what is PAM

A

positive allosteric modulator of the glutamate AMPA receptor

co-localized w/ cholinergic receptors

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3
Q

how do nootropics work?

A

1) more E to brain
2) incr chemical activity (more precursors, incr synthesis, incr receptor sensitivity) and decr NT breakdown
3) in cerebral blood flow
4) incr alpha brain waves (resp for meditative state for creativity)
5) neuroprotection
6) brain regeneration (incr NGF)

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4
Q

what is modafinil used to treat?

what is this condition caused by?

what is the result of using modafinil?

A

narcolepsy or sleep apnea

caused by dysfunction in orexin peptides (resp for sleep suppressing)

result: improve fatigue, motivation, brain function

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5
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of ginkgo?

A

ginkgo biloba
ginkgolides
terpene lactone
cognitive enhancer

mechanism

1) cholinergic: incr Ach uptake
2) monoamine: incr 5-HT uptake
3) GABA: incr GABA levels
4) vascular: inhibits platelet activation factor

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6
Q

differentiate changes in Ach levels in short term vs long term memory

A

short term: incr Ach uptake

long-term: acute incr + long decrease and inhibition

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7
Q

how does ginkgo affect monoamines?

A

1) incr [serotonin]
2) inhibits MAO = incr [MAO]
3) reduces beta and alpha adrenergic receptors and activity

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8
Q

how does ginkgo affect GABA?

A

incr GABA

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9
Q

how does ginkgo affect blood circulation?

A

incr ginkgo = decr platelet activating factor (PAF) = decr blood platelets = improves microcirculation

PAF is imp for aggregation of blood platelets

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10
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of ginseng?

A

panax ginseng
ginsengosides
alkaloid
cognitive enhancer and adaptogen

mech:

1) cholinergic: incr Ach
2) monoamines: incr/decr Da, NE, 5-HT
3) NO: incr epithelial synthesis in heart, lungs, kidneys
4) neurotropic: incr NGF
5) Ca flux

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11
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of bacopa/brahmi

A

bacopa monnieri
bakosides
triterpenoid saponins
cognitive enhancer

mech

1) antioxidant and neuroprotection: decr lipid perodixation (involved in alzheimer’s parkinson’s, dementia)
2) cerebral blood flow and vasodilation (incr release of NO)
3) incr 5-HT
4) reduces ADHD

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12
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of firmos

A

huperzia serrata
huperzine A
sesquiterpene alkaloid
cognitive enhancer

mech:

  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitor = incr [Ach]
  • NMDA antagonist
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13
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of indian coleus?

A

coleus foskolii
forskolin
labdane dietrpene
cognitive enhancer

commonly used for wt loss b/c:

1) it incr cAMP which increased responsiveness to stimuli
2) inhibits acetylcholinesterase = incr [Ach]

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14
Q

what is forskolin synergistic with? and why?

A

artichoke extract

  • it contains luteolin, a PDE4 inhibitor
  • PDE4 function: degrade cAMP (messenger in brain cells)
  • cAMP function: produces proteins for neuron growth (long-term-potenriation - LTP)
  • LTP function: where synaptic connections get stronger in response to stimulation in brain

thus forskolin + luteolin = decr PDE 4 = less cAMP degradation = more neuron growth = stronger synaptic connections to stimulation in brain

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15
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of lion’s mane?

A

hericium erinaceus
hericenon/erinacine
cyanthin diterpenoids
cognitive enhancer

mech:
- enhances NGF = incr maintenance and regeneration of neurons

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16
Q

what is BDNF?

describe it

mechanism?

what is the net result?

A

brain derived neurotropic factor

  • rel to NGF; supports nerve health; promotes growth of new nerves (neurogenesis) and synpases (synaptogenesis)
  • found in brain and PNS; areas responsible for learning, memory, higher thinking

mech:

  • clears GABA from synaptic cleft
  • GABA moves to astrocyte via adenosine A2a receptor
  • result: nerve pathways are more excitatory
17
Q

how to incr BDNF?

A

can’t take as supplement; must be incr naturally:

1) natural environments: stimulatino
2) exercise
3) deep sleep
4) meditation
5) polyphenols
6) hypoxia
7) sunlight
8) intermittent fasting and ketosis

18
Q

what blocks BDNF?

A

stress
sugar
social isolation

19
Q

define eugeroics

A

promotes wakefulness and alertness

20
Q

define neurotrophic

A

relates to growth of nervous tissue

21
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of calabar bean

A

physostigma venenosum
physostigmine
indole alkaloid
glaucoma

22
Q

how does pysostigmine cause paralytic asphyxia?

A

it inhibits Ach-ase –> causes prolonged Ach effects

leads to death

23
Q

how does physostigmine treat glaucoma?

what kind of drug is it described as? why?

A

stimulates parasympathetic nerves which contracts pupils

it is a parasympathomimetic/ cholinergic agent/miotic drug b/c it causes constriction of sphincter muscles –> pupils become SMALLER –> decreases intraocular pressure –> prevents damage to optic nerve and retina

24
Q

what happens in the eye with:

a) sympathetic stimulation
b) para-sympathetic stimulation

what drug is an example of each?

A

a) mydriasis = constriction of radial muscles = pupil is bigger
eg. atropine (from deadly nightshade)
b) miosis = constriction of sphincter muscles = pupil is smaller
eg. physostigmine (from calabar bean)

25
Q

what occurs in glaucoma?

A

drainage canal is blocked

fluid builds up in eye

result: pressure in the eye causing damage to optic nerves

26
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of deadly nightshade

A

atropa belladonna
atropine
tropane alkaloid

27
Q

how can atropine cause death?

what is another effect?

A

by coma

1) it is a cholinergic blocking agent –> inhibits Ach
2) inhibits parasympathetic nerves –> dilates pupils

28
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of deadly castor bean?

A

ricinus communis
ricin
lectin (glycoprotein)
poison

mech:
ricin is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP = inhibits pro synth = inactivates ribosomes

29
Q

what are 2 types of RIPs?

A

type 1: wheat and barley; not poisonous

type 2: castor bean: cytotoxic

30
Q

is there ricin in castor oil?

A

no

the heating deactivated ricin

31
Q

what are lectins

A

CHO-binding proteins

toxic

inactivated by proper processing or prep

32
Q

what are 2 forms of lectins?

what are their functions?

ex of each?

A

prolamine: toxic lectins; storage proteins; eg. gluten
agglutinin: induces cluping of RBCs; eg. ricin, wheat germ agglutinin

33
Q

what happens when gluten is digested?

A

gluten is broken down to gliadin + glutenin

gliadins cross gut barrier –> activates immune systems

gliadins signal zonulin from enterocytes to loosen tight junction –> junctions open and particles cross

34
Q

what is zonulin

A

a protein that moddulates permeability of tight junctions b/w cells of digestive tract wall

35
Q

what are pros and cons of semidwarf wheat

A

pros: higher grain yield; more resistant
cons: higher starch and gluten

36
Q

what is WGA?

A
  • wheat germ agglutinin
  • part of plant’s defence mechanism
  • increases gut permeability when it binds to EGF to open tight junctions
37
Q

what happens when agglutinins pass through the BBB?

A

adsorptive endocytosis

  • WGA binds to receptors and myelin sheaths on surface of membrane
  • inhibits NGF
38
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of curare?

A

chondrodendron tomentosum
tubocurarine
alkaloid
anesthetic in surgeries ; relaxes muscles

mech

  • blocks nACHR at junction
  • antagonist of Ach
39
Q

what is the scientific name, bioactive, compound class, use and mechanism of foxglove?

A

digitalis purpurea
digoxin
cardiac glycoside
irregular heart beats

mech

1) diuretic action –> reduces fluid retention (symptom of heart disease)
2) promotes regular heartbeat –> more blood reaches kidneys –> excess fluids are removed
3) inhibits Na/K ATPase in heart –> decr HR and incr stoke vol

Herbs, Foods, Phytochemicals (3 decks)

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