Midterm Review HISTORY, PERSPECTIVES, BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR (3 DEVELOPMENTAL)

Question 1

Twin Studies

Answer 1

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders. Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics.

Question 2

fMRI vs. PET Scans

Answer 2

A PET scan is a nuclear medicine procedure, while an MRI scan is a radiology imaging technique.
Unlike PET scans, MRIs do not use damaging ionizing radiation.
PET scans look at cellular activity, which are often the starting points for malignant disorders.

Question 3

Endocrine system glands

Answer 3

Unlike exocrine glands(sweat, salivary), endocrine glands secrete their respective substances directly into the bloodstream rather than through a duct. These endocrine glands belong to the body’s control system and they produce hormones which help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues.

Question 4

Lobes of the brain

Answer 4

The cerebral cortex is divided lengthways into two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Traditionally, each of the hemispheres has been divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

Question 5

Hypothalamus and Dopamine Rewards

Answer 5

Dopamine signalling is a crucial part of the brain reward system and can affect feeding behaviour. Dopamine receptors are also expressed in the hypothalamus, which is known to control energy metabolism.

Question 6

Reflexes

Answer 6

An involuntary action in response to a stimulus. Reflex action is the result of the coordination of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. This action does not involve the brain. The pathway in which impulses travel during the reflex action is called a reflex arc.

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

A form of non-associative learning that refers to the decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

Question 8

Assimilation vs. Accomodation

Answer 8

Assimilation = The new idea fits in with the already existing ideas. Accommodation = the new idea changes the already existing ideas.

Question 9

Moral Development

Answer 9

The way we identify right and wrong as we grow up and go through adulthood. It encompasses our religious and ethical values, and it influences our behavior and sense of social responsibility.

Question 10

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Answer 10

Permissive, Authoritative, Authoritarian

Question 11

Pituary Gland

Answer 11

Enclosed deep within the skull, the pituitary gland is the size of a pea and is at the base of the brain. It consists of an anterior portion that produces hormones and a posterior portion that has many neural links. “Master Gland.”

Question 12

Thyroid Glands

Answer 12

Can be found at the front of the neck. It sits low in the throat, between the windpipe. Brownish red, it has blood vessels coursing through it. It secretes thyroid hormones, some influence rate of metabolism.

Question 13

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 13

The parathyroid glands consist of four small glands that are located behind the thyroids in the neck. They influence the calcium levels in the body. If it produces extra hormones they can lead to brittle bones and kidney stones.

Question 14

Adrenal Glands

Answer 14

Sit atop the kidneys and are no larger than a walnut. These glands produce over 150 hormones. The most well known is Adrenaline, which triggers the flight or fight response.

Question 15

Pancreas

Answer 15

The pancreas is exocrine as well as an endocrine gland that sits behind the stomach. It is roughly 6 inches long and rather flat. Produces digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon.

Question 16

Insulin and Glucagon

Answer 16

Insulin regulates the blood glucose levels, and glucagon helps the body to prevent the glucose levels from dropping too low.

Question 17

Permissive parenting

Question 18

Authoritarian parenting

Question 19

Authoritarian parenting

Question 20

Preconventional Morality

Answer 20

Ages 8-9, Focused on self and self-interest
Obedience and Punishment: obey in order to avoid punishment
Individualism: obey in order to get rewards

Question 21

Conventional Morality

Answer 21

Early adolescence, how we are perceived by others.
Interpersonal relationships: Morality determined by opinion of others.
Maintaining social order: Morality determined by following rules of society.

Question 22

Postconventional Morality

Answer 22

Late adolescence, early adulthood, or later, higher levels of reasoning and viewing situations from multiple perspectives.
Social Contract: Morality is determined by a democratic process of decision-making based on individual situations.
Universal Principles: Morality is determined by a nuanced, critical understanding of justice, equity, and duty.