Midterm review: Chapters 1-12

Question 1

What is an adipoctye?

Answer 1

a type of fat cell that is metabolically active, and a modified fibroblast

Question 2

where is ghrelin released?

Answer 2

the stomach and it may stimulate appetite and eating

Question 3

What is leptin? Where is it released?

Answer 3

a hormone that is released from adipoctyes and suppressed the hypothalamic feeding centre.

Question 4

how does brown fat differ from white fat?

Answer 4

it is thermogenic- can produce heat.

Question 5

is it true that the number of fat cells is fixed in early childhood?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

what does the hormone cholecystokinin do?

Answer 6

released by small intestine to aid in digestion and induce satiety

Question 7

true or false:
more than 90% of body energy is stored in the skeletal muscle tissue of the body.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

what is a condition of malnutrition, representing a progressive loss of muscle mass and fat stores due to inadequate food intake that is deficient in calories and protein?

Answer 8

marasmus

Question 9

true or false: the satiety centres reside in the hypothalamus

Answer 9

true

Question 10

both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involve weight fluctuations that may drop to dangerously low levels.

Answer 10

fase

Question 11

what is the orderly, stepwise process for stopping bleeding that involves vasospasm, formation of platelet plug, and the development of a fibrin clot?

Answer 11

hemostasis

Question 12

what is decrease in circulating platelets?

Answer 12

thrombocytopenia

Question 13

what is produced by endothelial cells of blood vessels and circulates in the blood as a carrier protein of coagulation facto VIII

Answer 13

Von Willebrand factor (vWF)

Question 14

what causes proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes?

Answer 14

thrombopoietin

Question 15

what are large fragments from the cytoplasm of bone marrow cells known as megakaryocytes?

Answer 15

thrombocytes (aka platelets)

Question 16

what is the plasma protein that when activated, is converted to an enzyme capable of digesting fibrin strands of the clot?

Answer 16

plasminogen

Question 17

true or false:
bleeding can occur as a result of decreased number of circulating platelets or because of impaired platelet function?

Answer 17

true

Question 18

what are the five stages of hemostasis?

Answer 18

vessel spasm
vWF binds to platelet receptors causing adhesion of platelets to exposed collagen fibers
one of two blood coagulation pathways occur leading to activation of factor X
actin and myosin in platelets that are trapped in clot begin to contract
clot dissolution

Question 19

what factors cause increased platelet function?

Answer 19

smoking, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia

Question 20

true or false:
platelets are a form of leukocyte.

Answer 20

false

Question 21

what fat soluble vitamin is continuously being synthesized by intestinal bacteria and is necessary for normal activity for factors VII, IX, and X and prothrombin?

Answer 21

Vitamin K

Question 22

What term is used to describe elevations in the platelet count above 1,000,000uL?

Answer 22

thrombocytosis

Question 23

true or false:
most of the coagulation factors are proteins synthesized in the spleen.

Answer 23

false: synthesized in the liver.

Question 24

true or false:
the use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been identified as a cause of impaired platelet function.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

true or false: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that results in excess destruction of platelets.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

What does the extracellular fluid compartment contain?

Answer 26

fluid in the interstitial space and the plasma in blood vessels

Question 27

true or false: osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules from a stronger to a weaker solute/

Answer 27

false: water moves from a weaker solute to a stronger solute.

Question 28

if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Answer 28

the red blood cell will swell and potentially burst.

Question 29

what causes an increase in capillary permeability?

Answer 29

inflammation

Question 30

what causes hyponatremia?

Answer 30

a loss of a sodium or a gain of water

Question 31

what is an acid?

Answer 31

a compound that can dissociate and release a hydrogen ion. an example is H2CO3.

Question 32

how does respiratory acidosis present?

Answer 32

with a lower than normal pH and hypercapnia

Question 33

true or false: the extracellular compartment contains approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults and is the larger of the two compartments.

Answer 33

false: the intracellular fluid compartment is the larger of the two compartments

Question 34

what refers to the movement of water molecules through capillary pores into the tissues due to hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 34

capillary filtration pressure

Question 35

what plays a role in the maintenance of acid-base balance within the body?

Answer 35

the kidneys, lungs, and extracellular fluid.

Question 36

true or false: the sympathetic nervous system manifestation of the stress reaction has been called fight-or-flight response.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true or false: the alarm stage is the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Answer 37

false: it is the first stage.

Question 38

true or false: the stress response is strongly influenced by both the nervous system and endocrine system.

Answer 38

true

Question 39

true or false: nutrition, gender, and sleep-wake cycles are known to affect a person's appraisal of a stressor and the coping mechanisms used to adapt to the new situation.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

what is the state that refers to the reexperiencing of an event through the occurrence of "flashbacks" during waking hours or nightmares in which the past traumatic event is relived?

Answer 40

intrusion

Question 41

what is the personality characteristic that includes having a purpose in life, having control of one's environment, and being able to conceptualize stressors as a challenge, rather than a threat?

Answer 41

hardiness

Question 42

What is the ability of the body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt known as?

Answer 42

physiologic reserve

Question 43

Which area of the brain is central to the neural component of the neuroendocrine response to stress and is densely populated with neurons that produce norepinephrine?

Answer 43

the locus ceruleus

Question 44

why does cortisol production result in increased blood glucose levels?

Answer 44

glucose provides energy

Question 45

which hormones are involved in the neuroendocrine response to stress?

Answer 45

antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 46

what is grading of a tumor?

Answer 46

the process in which a tumor involves the microscopic examination of cancer cells to determine their level of differentiation and the number of mitoses.

Question 47

what term is used to describe the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor

Answer 47

metastasis

Question 48

true or false: both benign and malignant tumors are composed of parenchymal cells and connective tissue.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

what is a benign tumor?

Answer 49

a growth with well differentiated cells and a fibrous capsule.

Question 50

what is a malignant tumor?

Answer 50

a cancer with poorly differentiated cells and the ability to metastasize.

Question 51

what is a solid tumor?

Answer 51

a cancer that is initially confined to a specific tissue or organ.

Question 52

what is a hematologic tumour?

Answer 52

a cancer involving blood-forming cells.

Question 53

what is a sarcoma?

Answer 53

a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin such as fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, deep tissues and cartilage.

Question 54

what is a carcinoma?

Answer 54

a cancer that arises in epithelial cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs, such as the liver or kidneys

Question 55

what is initiation stage of tumor cell transformation?

Answer 55

the exposure of cells to doses of a carcinogenic agent that induce malignant transformation

Question 56

what is the promotion stage of tumor cell transformation?

Answer 56

induction of unregulated accelerated growth by various chemicals and growth factors; mutated cells are stimulated to divide.

Question 57

what is the progression stage of tumor cell transformation?

Answer 57

the process whereby tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes; tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations, which make them more aggressive.

Question 58

true or false: stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types.

Answer 58

true

Question 59

what type of tissues contain cells that normally stop dividing with growth ceases?

Answer 59

stable

Question 60

what is cell proliferation?

Answer 60

the process of increasing cell numbers

Question 61

what is cell differentiation?

Answer 61

the process whereby a cell becomes more specialized.

Question 62

true or false: inflammation has no role to play in tissue repair and healing

Answer 62

false

Question 63

true or false: tissue repair only takes the form of regeneration

Answer 63

false

Question 64

what are cell types cardiac myocytes?

Answer 64

differentiated and parenchymal cells

Question 65

where is fibroblast growth factor secreted and what does it do?

Answer 65

it is secreted by macrophages, endothelial cells, and other tissues to attract fibroblasts to the area, and induce angiogenesis.

Question 66

what are the phases of wound healing?

Answer 66

1. inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

Question 67

what is granulation tissue?

Answer 67

red, moist connective tissue that fills an area as necrotic debris is removed

Question 68

true or false: the genetic information needed for protein synthesis is encoded in the DNA contained in the cell nucleus

Answer 68

true

Question 69

which type of RNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, carrying the genetic code?

Answer 69

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 70

how many bases make up the alphabet of the genetic code?

Answer 70

four: T/C/A/G

Question 71

what makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 71

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases.

Question 72

true or false: RNA and DNA have the same chemical structure.

Answer 72

false: RNA contains nitrogenous base uracil

Question 73

true or false: Messenger RNA carries the instructions for protein synthesis.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

what involves copying of the genetic code containing the instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to a complementary strand of mRNA?

Answer 74

transcription

Question 75

what refers to the recognizable traits, physical or biochemical, associated with the genes carried by the organism?

Answer 75

phenotype

Question 76

what type of RNA functions to deliver the activated form of amino acids to protein molecules in the ribosomes?

Answer 76

transfer RNA

Question 77

within the confines of the cell nucleus, DNA helices are tightly coiled into chromatin and the DNA is spooled around what type of protein?

Answer 77

histone

Question 78

what is recombinant DNA?

Answer 78

a combination of DNA molecules that are normally not found together in nature.

Question 79

what are genes?

Answer 79

a sequence of DNA

Question 80

what is it called when something turns a gene on?

Answer 80

induction

Question 81

what is it called when something turns a gene off?

Answer 81

repression

Question 82

what are epigenetics?

Answer 82

the study of changes in an organism due to changes in gene express, not changes to DNA itself.

Question 83

what are examples of causes epigenetics?

Answer 83

growth/development, drugs/chemicals, environment, aging, diet, exercise.

Question 84

what are variant/alternate forms of a gene, usually created by mutations?

Answer 84

alleles

Question 85

what is CRISPR/Cas9?

Answer 85

a protein/synthetic guide RNA complex that can be designed to target and cut genetic material very precisely

Question 86

true or false: if a gene is induced where it should be repressed, the result can be injury to the tissue.

Answer 86

true: while each chromosome contains the same genetic material, the same genes are not activated for every cell. for example, if a gene responsible for a digestive enzyme were to be induced in the lung, the result would be digestion of lung tissue, which would result in significant tissue/organ damage.

Question 87

true or false: mitosis results in the formation of gametes (reproductive cells).

Answer 87

false: mitosis replicates nongerm cells, like red blood cells and epithelial cells. it occurs during growth, replacement, or repair.

Question 88

true or false: when recombinant insulin is produced by gene isolation and cloning, the bacterial gene for insulin is expressed to make insulin protein.

Answer 88

false: human gene is expressed. The insulin gene is cut from human chromosomes and then inserted into bacterial plasmid DNA. Bacteria are induced to express the human insulin gene to make human insulin protein.

Question 89

true or false: cells are able to adapt to changes in work demands or threats to survival by changing their size, number and type.

Answer 89

true

Question 90

what refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue?

Answer 90

hyperplasia

Question 91

what type of calcification is often seen in advanced atherosclerosis?

Answer 91

dystrophic calcification

Question 92

true or false: apoptotic cell death and necrotic cell death are both pathologic forms of cell death that are unregulated and invariably injurious to the cell organism.

Answer 92

false: apoptosis is programmed cell death

Question 93

true or false: all mechanisms of cell injury (hypoxia, mechanical forces, extremes of temp, electrical injuries, etc.) lead to irreversible cellular damage with cell destruction or death.

Answer 93

false

Question 94

what refers to a decrease in the size of cells in an organ or tissue?

Answer 94

atrophy

Question 95

cell injury caused by electrocution is an example from what type of agent?

Answer 95

physical

Question 96

what are the different types of agents that cause cell injury?

Answer 96

biologic, chemical, physical, radiation

Question 97

if a clot prevents oxygen from being delivered to the myocardium, what is the primary mechanism that could lead it irreversible cell damage?

Answer 97

hypoxic cell injury

Question 98

what part of the term pericarditis indicates that this is a condition of inflammation?

Answer 98

-itis

Question 99

which condition results in the most rapid increase in neutrophil count in the blood stream?

Answer 99

bacterial infection

Question 100

what are the phases of fever?

Answer 100

prodrome chill flush defervescence

Question 101

what cells protect cells from exogenous and endogenous inflammatory stimuli?

Answer 101

endothelial cells

Question 102

what cells are released in allergic reactions such as hay fever and asthma?

Answer 102

eosinophils

Question 103

what cells participate in inflammation and normal immune function; differentiate into T and B cells.

Answer 103

lymphoctyes

Question 104

what phagocyte is active in bacterial killing; especially important in maintaining the chronic inflammatory process?

Answer 104

macrophage

Question 105

what are the stages of acute inflammation?

Answer 105

vascular phase margination migration leukocyte activation phagocytosis