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AET 310- Pathophysiology > Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging > Flashcards

Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

If a cell does not make adaptive changes as a result of stress, it will die.

A

True: adaptive changes allow the cell to survive and maintain some degree of function.

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2
Q

What occurs for cells to adapt?

A

change in #, size, or type.

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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

a decrease in cell size. Occurs because of decrease of O2 consumption and organelle size.

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4
Q

What are some causes of atrophy?

A

disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischaemia (decreased blood flow).

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5
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size and tissue mass. Occurs from normal physiological or abnormal pathologic.

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6
Q

what kind of cellular response occurs in cells incapable of mitotic division?

A

hypertrophy

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7
Q

What are causes of hypertrophy?

A

increased in workload: ATP depletion, increased membrane mechanical forces, or hormonal factors (IGF-1).

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8
Q

What is necrosis?

A

unregulated cell and thus tissue death

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9
Q

what results from an accumulation of bilirubin, usually due to liver disfunction?

A

jaundice

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10
Q

what is metastatic calcification?

A

occurs when hypercalcemia causes calcium to accumulate in healthy tissues.

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11
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The process whereby internal cell components are selectively destroyed through fusion with lysosomes.

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12
Q

What is an increase in cell number?

A

hyperplasia

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13
Q

What is ischemia?

A

a lack of blood flow to tissues that subsequently causes hypoxic tissue damage

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14
Q

What is cell growth that is dysfunctional or deranged?

A

dysplasia

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15
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

a reversible change of one cell type into another

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16
Q

What is the name of programmed cell death?

A

apoptosis

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17
Q

what cellular response is due to an increase in # of cells in an organ or tissue?

A

hyperplasia

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18
Q

what does physiologic mean?

A

normal changes

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19
Q

what does pathologic mean?

A

abnormal changes

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20
Q

What are physiologic and pathologic changes that occur during hyperplasia?

A

physiologic- hormonal: breast/uterine enlargement during pregnancy
compensatory- liver regeneration after surgery

pathologic- hormonal: benign prostate hyperplasia
growth factor related- HPV skin warts.

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21
Q

What is a reversible change cell response where one adult cell type is replaced by another?

A

metaplasia

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22
Q

What are causes of metaplasia?

A

chronic inflammation/irritation such as smoking. cells can return to normal

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23
Q

what is a deranged cell growth resulting in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization?

A

dysplasia

24
Q

What are examples of dysplasia?

A

HPV caused cervical or oropharyngeal cancer

25
Q

case study: a woman ruptured her left achilles tendon; 3 weeks later, you find:
1. left calf is smaller
2. circumference of right calf has increased
3. there are new callouses.

Which cell and tissue adaptations occured?

A
  1. atrophy
  2. hypertrophy
  3. hyperplasia
26
Q

which intracellular accumulations occur in stressed cells that are normal body substances?

A

lipids, proteins, and pigments.

27
Q

which intracellular accumulations of stressed cells are abnormal endogenous substances?

A

metabolic products- glycogen, lipds(NAFLD)
- bilirubin retention (jaundice)
-lipofuscin (wear-and-tear pigment)

28
Q

what are some intracellular accumulations in a stressed cell that are abnormal exogenous substances?

A

tattoo pigment, coal dust, lead poisoning

29
Q

What are the 2 types of pathological calcifications?

A

dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification

30
Q

what calcification occurs in injured tissue in areas of necrosis? is it more local or systemic?

A

dystrophic; more local

31
Q

what is abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues?

A

calcification

32
Q

what usually occurs in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia? is it local or systemic

A

metastatic calcification; more systemic

33
Q

What are the types of cell injury?

A

physical, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, and nutritional imbalances

34
Q

True or False:

If a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of injurious stimuli or stress, cells may not recover

A

false: cells may recover from certain types of damage or stress

35
Q

what are examples of physical cell injury

A

trauma, heat and cold, electricity

36
Q

what are examples of radiation cell injury?

A

ionizing, ultraviolet, nonionizing

37
Q

why is ionizing radiation generally more dangrous?

A

physically disrupts DNA in cells

38
Q

what are examples of chemical cell injury?

A

drugs, lead, mercury

39
Q

what are examples of biologic agents that cause cell injury?

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites

40
Q

what nutritional imbalances cause cell injury?

A

fats, minerals, vitamins and amino acids

41
Q

what are 3 types of cell injury mechanisms?

A

ROS, hypoxia/ischemia, increase in intracellular calcium

42
Q

what is hypoxia/ischemia?

A

when the cell is not provided with enough oxygen

43
Q

How do reactive oxygen species cause injury?

A

free radicals cause oxidation of cell structures and nuclear/mitochondrial DNA

normal part of metabolism & intracellular signaling.
antioxidants are defense mechanism

44
Q

how does hypoxia affect cells

A

aerobic metabolism stops and decreased ATP produced
- Na/K ATPase decreases which increases intracellular Na which causes swelling with water
- anaerobic metabolism used which decreases pH, this can lead to damaged cell membranes, intracellular structures and DNA
- exposure to acute hypoxia linked to increase to hypoxia induced factors’ (HIFs)

45
Q

how does impaired Ca2 homeostasis affect the cell?

A

disrupts Ca2/Mg2- atpase-dependent membrane pumps
- excess Ca2 damages Ca2+ dependent phospholipases, proteases, ATPases & endonucleases

46
Q

excess calcium can lead to ?

A

Exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and DOMS

47
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of cell injury?

A
  1. reversible injury, cell recovery, and return to normal function.
  2. apoptosis and programmed cell removal
  3. cell death and necrosis
48
Q

what is a normal & highly selective process that restructures tissues and replaces injured and aged cells?

A

apoptosis

49
Q

what are the two pathways of apopstosis?

A

extrinsic (death receptor respondent)
intrinsic (death receptor independent)

50
Q

What enzyme is required for both pathways of apoptosis?

A

caspase

51
Q

what is autophagy?

A

internal cell components are engulfed and destroyed through fusion with lysosomes.

52
Q

What are inhibitors of apoptosis linked to?

A

cancer and autoimmune diseases

53
Q

what are senescent cells?

A

cells that are getting old and not working anymore

54
Q

what is the process of apoptosis?

A
  1. shrinking of the cell
    2-3. condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin
    4-5. separation of nuclear fragments and cytoplasmic organelles into apoptotic bodies
  2. engulfment of fragments by phagocytic cells.
55
Q

what is necrotic cell death?

A

unregulated death caused by injuries to cells

56
Q

what occurs in necrotic cell death?

A

cells swell and rupture- lead to inflammation
various forms occur: liquefaction, coagulation, caseous necrosis
infarction- (tissue death)
gangrene occurs when large mass of tissue undergoes necrosis

57
Q

why do cells change with aging?

A

programmed into cells because telomeres become to short;
accumlated epigenetic changes to DNA;
accumulated damage/error- DNA damage; oxidative free radical-mediated damage, glycation (AGE’s cause tissue stiffening.)

AET 310- Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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