Midterm Review Flashcards
motor neuron and all of the muscle cells/fibers it causes to contract
motor unit
muscle innervated by long thoracic nerve SUPERFICIALLY, and protracts scapula
serratus anterior m.
posterior portion of neurocranium is derived from?
mesodermal cells
flat bones often develop through what process?
intramembranous ossification
receptor protein on the t tubule that senses membrane depolarization
DHP
important AER signal molecule for limb outgrowth.
FGF8
Ventral ectoderm expresses ________ which inhibits Wnt7a and ________.
Engrailed-1, r-Fng
the __________ is used for proximo-distal patterning of limbs.
hox code
this nerve innervates the coracobrachialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii, and afferently innervates the skin of the lateral side of forearm
musculocutaneous n
superficial veins of upper limb?
cephalic, basilic, medial cubital
shoulder dislocations happen between what two structures?
glenoid fossa and the head of the humerus
tension constant, change in muscle length
isotonic
complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius?
colles fracture
force = _______ and ______ relationship
velocity and frequency
lateral/medial rotation?
horizontal/transverse plane
tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons as they pass through fibro-osseous tunnels, protects tendons from all sides
tendon sheaths
musculoskeletal system comes from what two mesoderm lines?
lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm
In formation of digits, what allows digits to form, and what causes cell death at interdigital regions?
AER causes digits to form, areas where AER regresses is where interdigital regions… happen
attachment of clavicle in scapula?
acromion process
attachment of ulna is _______ of the ________
trochlea of the humerus
digit IDENTITY (specificity) is patterned by what molecule? and how does it work?
SHH
highest concentration at pinky and less and less as it gets to thumb
first branchial arch derivatives?
LOTS OF MMMMMMMs
maxilla, mandible, meckels cartilage, muscles of mastication, mandibular n., maxillary n., maxillary artery
at the tip of the limb bud, this structure signals mesenchyme to proliferate and the limb grows:
apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
abduction and adduction is what plane?
frontal plane
limbs develop at _______ week.
4th
genes that act as switches and control pattern formation during development
homeotic genes (HOX)
time when primary centers of ossification expand in diaphyses.
10 weeks
the less load means your muscles will have _______ velocity
faster
this nerve innervates most forearm flexors, and afferently innervates the radial half of palm and palmar side of lateral 3 digits
median nerve
force generated insufficient to over come resistance, fibers lengthen as they contract
eccentric isotonic
three parts of paraxial mesdoerm:
myotomes, sclerotomes, dermatomes
sac like structure similar to joint capsules, filled with fluid
bursae
extra digits usually caused by auto dominant inheritance…
polydactyly
sternocleidomastoid m. is too short. name?
torticollis (wry neck)
length at which fiber generates maximal isometric active tension is termed _____
optimal length/ L0
cross bridge activity will continue as long as _______ levels are elevated.
calcium
attachment of humerus in scapula?
glenoid fossa
membranous ossification in the neurocranium starts when? (and what is the entire time period?)
9th weeks (months 3-9)
muscle tension remains develops but muscle does not shorten, cross bridges bind to same actin molecule and sarcomere does not shorten
isometric
frontal portion of the neurocranium is derived from?
neural crest cells
narrowing of carpal tunnel
carpal tunnel syndrome
most common place for fractures to occur in the humerus?
anatomical neck
receptor on lateral sac of reticulum alters its conformation after DHP activation, and allows release of Ca2+
RyR
only rotator cuff muscle that is in the anteriorly placed?
subscapularis m
What day in development do somites appear in the mature gastrula?
19
synovial joints composed of ?
synovial membrane, synovial cavity with fluid, fibrous membrane
anterior concave space formed by the pisiform and hamate (ulnar side) and the scaphoid and trapezium (radial side).
carpal tunnel
four muscles of the rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
time for Mesenchymal condensation for appendicular skeleton bones.
6 weeks
part of the lateral mesoderm that becomes limb skeleton:
somatic mesoderm
limb buds develop (what days?)
day 31-32
fetal alcohol syndrome causes?
cleft lip and palate
knock out of _______ results in no radius or ulna.
Hox11d
______ is required for detachment step of cross-bridge cycle.
ATP
the proximal radio-ulnar joint can undergo _______ ___ ______ _______ in young children.
subluxation of radial head
flexion/extension plane?
sagittal plane
upper arm nerves?
musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar (MARMU)
when is polydactyly NOT auto dominant, but is auto recessive instead
Ellis van Creveld syndrome
what does somatic mesoderm become?
limb skeleton
no relaxation between contractions, maximal tension, 3-5x greater than twitch
fused tetanus
most common site of carpal fracture?
scaphoid bone
Dorsal ectoderm expresses _______ and _______ which induces _______ for dorso-ventral patterning of limb.
Wnt7a and r-Fng, LMX1
rooflike covering of the flexor retinaculum, MEDIAN nerve passes through this
carpal tunnel
AC joint dislocation due to hard falls on shoulder or outstretched limb is also known as?
shoulder separation
if apoptosis doesnt proceed normally at the digits (at interdigit area), then they may be fused. name for this condition?
syndactyly
path of upper arm arteries?
subclavian, axillary, brachial, radius/ulna
what nerve passes through carpal tunnel?
median nerve
most stability in the elbow comes from the ____ _____ _____
ulnar collateral ligament
First part of development is 3-d polarity, followed by segmentation (somitogenesis), then _________ which is what Hox genes actually do work on.
segment IDENTITY
organogenesis period is at _______ week.
4th
force generated sufficient to overcome resistance
concentric isotonic
long bones often develop through what process?
endochondral ossification
length = ______ relationship
tension
