8 cartilage and bone (schipani)

Question 1

found in trachea, larynx

Answer 1

hyaline cartilage

Question 2

chondrocytes occupy a space called ______

Answer 2

lacuna

Question 3

cartilage is often surrounded my tissue called ______

Answer 3

perichondrium.

Question 4

______ are precursors to chondrocytes.

Answer 4

chondroblasts

Question 5

deposition of new cartilage on the surface of existing cartilage.

Answer 5

apposition growth

Question 6

formation of new cartilage within an existing cartilage.

Answer 6

interstitial growth

Question 7

cartilaginous matrix is 10-20%

Answer 7

collagens

Question 8

makes up 1-7% of cartilaginous matrix

Answer 8

ground substance

Question 9

makes up most *65-80% of cartilaginous matrix

Answer 9

water

Question 10

examples of this includes hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans,

GAGs, and they draw water into the cartilage

Answer 10

ground substance

Question 11

High density of negative charges attract _____ that are osmotically active causing large amounts of ______ to be sucked into the matrix. allows for compression resistance by cartliage.

Answer 11

Na+, water

Question 12

cartilage found in ear, epiglottis

Answer 12

elastic cartilage

Question 13

cartilage found in intervetebral disk

Answer 13

fibrocartilage

Question 14

cartilage with no perichondrium

Answer 14

fibrocartilage

Question 15

cartilage with both type 1 and type 2 collagen

Answer 15

fibrocartilage

Question 16

cartilage with type 2 collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 16

elastic cartilage

Question 17

part of bone that has both cortical bone and trabecular bone

Answer 17

metaphysis

Question 18

part of bone that only has cortical bone

Answer 18

diaphysis

Question 19

the cells that form bone

Answer 19

osteoblasts

Question 20

osteoblasts come from ____

Answer 20

MSCs and osteoprogenitors

Question 21

the inner layer or cortical bone is covered by two kinds of cells:

Answer 21

active and inactive osteoblasts

Question 22

the two layers of the periosteum are:

Answer 22

fibrous layer and cellular layer

Question 23

cells that lie in the bone matrix

Answer 23

osteocytes

Question 24

the dendritic processes of osteocyte lie in structures called _____

Answer 24

canaliculi

Question 25

matrix that is not yet mineralized that comes from osteoblast

Answer 25

osteoid

Question 26

bone is 2/3 _______ by weight and the rest is ______ with the majority being _______ _____.

Answer 26

calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite, proteins, type I collagen

Question 27

Osteoblasts secrete two things _____

Answer 27

matrix vesicles that have alkaline phosphatase and collagen type 1

Question 28

minimal protein secretion of osteoblast

Answer 28

alkaline phosphatase and collagen 1

Question 29

inability to mineralize osteoid is called:

Answer 29

osteomalacia

Question 30

cells that resorb bone

Answer 30

osteoclasts

Question 31

osteoclasts are derived from ________

Answer 31

hematopoeitic

Question 32

the ______ _____ surrounds the ruffled border of osteoclasts.

Answer 32

sealing zone

Question 33

This area contains a microenvironment of low pH and lysozomal enzymes.

Answer 33

ruffled border.

Question 34

active osteoblasts are often more ______ in shape than inactive osteoblasts.

Answer 34

cuboidal

Question 35

both cortical and trabecular bone have ______ structures.

Answer 35

lamellar

Question 36

the _____ ______ of bone contains blood vessels and nerves.

Answer 36

central canal/haversian canal

Question 37

_____ _____ of bone contains communicating channels for neurovasculature.

Answer 37

volkmann canals

Question 38

residual osteons are called _______ lamellae

Answer 38

interstitial

Question 39

nutrients reach osteocytes through these structures called ______ that are connected to the centarl canal

Answer 39

canaliculi

Question 40

these fibers attach periosteum to bone

Answer 40

sharpeys fibers

Question 41

Osteoclast take about ______ to rebuild but osteoblasts take about _______.

Answer 41

3 weeks, 3 months

Question 42

when our body is more resorbing as opposed to forming bone this is called

Answer 42

osteoporosis

Question 43

this bone related cell is of monocyte lineage

Answer 43

osteoclast

Question 44

axial skeleton is derived from what mesoderm?

Answer 44

somatic mesoderm

Question 45

appendicular skeleton is derived from what mesoderm?

Answer 45

lateral plate mesoderm

Question 46

Mesenchymal condensations can become chondrocytes using ______

Answer 46

Sox9

Question 47

mesenchymal condensations and chondrocytes can become osteoblasts through _______

Answer 47

Runx2

Question 48

_______ ______ is important for the transition from cartilage to bone in endochondral bone development.

Answer 48

angiogenic switch

Question 49

in the fetal growth plate, hypertrophic chondrocytes make _________ and _______

Answer 49

collagen type X and mineralized matrix

Question 50

when osteoblast first secrete bone matrix at the growth plate, they first secrete it on top of ______ ________

Answer 50

cartilage remnants

Question 51

______ _______ contain both cartilaginous remnants and bone matrix. whereas _____ _____ contain no cartilaginous remnants.

Answer 51

primary spongiosa, secondary spongiosa

Question 52

rare autosomal dominant, skeletal malformation, XY sex reversal, neonatal death, heterozygous loss of function mutation in SOX9

Answer 52

campomelic dysplasia

Question 53

auto dominant inheritance. caused by loss of function mutations in CBFA1/RUNX2

Answer 53

cleidocranial dysplasia, CCD

Question 54

immature bone, where osteons are not as formed, disordered collagen

Answer 54

woven bone