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Musculoskeletal > 4,5,6 muscle phys (Leiser) > Flashcards

4,5,6 muscle phys (Leiser) Flashcards

1
Q

multinucleated, post-mitotic, cannot divide, voluntary

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

structure with 2 terminal cisternae of Sarcoplasmic reticulums flanking a t-tubule

A

triad

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3
Q

T tubules are actually an extension of the _________

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

three functions of muscles?

A

movement, heat production, body support and posture

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5
Q

each muscle fiber is covered by connective tissue called?

A

endomysium

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6
Q

_______ is connective tissue that covers each muscle fascicle

A

perimysium

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7
Q

________ is connective tissue that coers each muscle

A

epimysium

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8
Q

the smallest functional contractile unit in a muscle and they are _______ long

A

sarcomere, 2.7 microns

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9
Q

myosin is a hexamer composed of:

A

2 myosin heavy chains and 4 myosin light chains

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10
Q

consists of two intertwined molecules about the length of seven actin molecules

A

tropomyosin

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11
Q

binds to tropomyosin

A

troponin T

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12
Q

binds to actin

A

troponin A

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13
Q

binds to calcium

A

troponin C

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14
Q

this band is the length of myosin filament

A

A band

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15
Q

myosin only and no actin

A

H zone

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16
Q

middle of the sarcomere

A

M line

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17
Q

each sarcomere contains __ sets of thin filaments and __ set of thick filaments

A

2, 1

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18
Q

structural protein, compressive elastic string, binds to myosin, causes passive tension

A

titin

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19
Q

keep actin in three dimensional space

A

nebulin

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20
Q

only contains actin fibers, no myosin

A

i band

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21
Q

how many actin surround each myosin?

A

6

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22
Q

how many myosin surround each actin?

A

3

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23
Q

structurally holds all myofibrils together into one muscle fiber and anchors the bundle of fibrils between the nucleus, the zline, and the sarcolemma

A

desmin

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24
Q

connects muscle fibers to extracellular matrix as a complex of proteins. spreads force of muscle through the tendon, laterally

A

dystrophin

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25
cross bridge activity will continue as long as _______ levels remain elevated.
calcium
26
causes detachment of myosin heads from the actin
ATP
27
power stroke of myosin head makes ______ leave
ADP+P
28
The affinity of the ________ for Ca2+ is higher than that of Troponin C.
CaATPase (which explains why you can scoop up so much Ca2+ from the cytosol)
29
motor neurons do not innervate ________ fibers. This makes sure the contraction is spread throughout the muscle.
adjacent
30
______ is released in the neuromuscular junction.
Ach
31
drugs that block sodium gates
curare
32
blocks acetylcholine esterase
organophosphates
33
blocks release of Ach
botox
34
receptor the T-tubule, voltage receptor, connected to RyR
DHP, dihydropyridine
35
activated by DHP and releases Ca2+
RyR, ryanodine receptor
36
force exerted on an object by a contracting muscle
tension
37
force exerted on a muscle by an object
load
38
tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length
isotonic contraction
39
force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance and the muscle shortens as it contracts
concentric isotonic contraction
40
force generated is insufficient to overcome external load. cross bridges pulled backward toward z lines
eccentric isotonic contraction
41
muscle tension develops but muscle does not shorten, cross bridges repeatedly bind to the same actin molecule and sarcomere does not shorten
isometric contraction
42
why is isotonic later than isometric contraction
because isotonic contractions have to overcome load first before it changes length
43
the heavier the load, the ________ it will take to generate the tension capable of moving the load
longer, and it is also a shorter contraction
44
The increase in muscle tension during successive action potentials is known as....
summation
45
no relaxation between contractions, maximal tension developed, 3-5 times greater than twitch
fused tetanus
46
length at which the fiber generates maximal tension
Lo (optimal length)
47
peak power is obtained at ________ loads
intermediate
48
fastest muscle energy source
creatine phosphate
49
rapid, meets muscle needs, very inefficient muscle energy source
glycolysis
50
very slow, most efficient, 36 mole ATP/1 glucose energy source
oxidative phosphorylation
51
any sort of exercise will start with what kind of energy source
anaerobic, (creatine)
52
these fibers combine high myosin ATPase activity and high glycolytic capacity, fatigue quickly, few mitochondria, few capillaries and lack myoglobin
fast glycolytic fibers (type 2b)
53
these fibers combine high myosin ATPase activity with high oxidative capacity, intermediate glycolytic capacity, intermediate number of mitochondria
fast oxidative fibers (type 2a)
54
these fibers combine low myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative capacity and do not fatigue easily, more mitochondria and myoglobin
slow oxidative fibers (type 1)
55
white fibers, rapid fatigue, largest diameter
fast glycolytic, type 2b
56
red fibers, slow fatigue, intermediate diameter
fast oxidative, type 2a
57
red fibers, very low fatigue, smallest diameter
slow oxidative, type 1
58
Faster stronger, fast glycolytic motor units with larger fibers are recruited ______.
last
59
low frequency fatigue recovery is _____.
Slow
60
high frequency fatigue recovery is ______
fast
61
Fatigue can be due to efflux of _______ into the EC space.
K+
62
fatigue due to increased H+ ions, impairment of proteins, impairment of calcium ATPase
lactic acid build up
63
fatigue by inhibition of crossbridge cycling is caused by
lack of ATP
64
when your brain tells you to stop working as a protective measure from losing valuable energy
central command fatigue
65
results in little hypertrophy but still major biochemical adaptations in muscle, increase in capillaries and mitochondria in muscle
endurance training
66
seen as the basis for hypertrophy
microtrauma
67
parallel sarcomeres result in
more force
68
sarcomeres in series result in
more velocity
69
protein that causes myoblast to form myotube
myogenin
70
protein that causes uncommitted cell of somite to become committed myoblast
MyoD or Myf5
71
protein that causes myotube to mature to myofiber
MRF4
72
cells that function to facilitate growth, maintenance and repair of damaged muscle tissue
satellite cells
73
satellite cells undergo ______ ______ that generates self renewing and committed daughter cells
asymmetric division
74
key restrictor of muscle growth, which increased causes rapid loss of both muscle and fat, without affecting appetite in animal studies
Myostatin
75
immobilization or disuse of muscle causes atrophy of _________ fibers
type 2
76
number of ____ ____ and ____ declines during aging.
motor units, fibers

Musculoskeletal (6 decks)

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