Midterm review Flashcards
What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?
Rebirth of art and learning
The study of classical texts caused humanists to focus on what?
Human potential and achievement
For what is the Medici family famous?
Being a patron of the arts, collecting art
What were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More considered?
Christian humanists
What was the first full-sized book Gutenberg printed?
The Gutenberg bible
In what way did Leonardo da Vinci represent the ideal known as the Renaissance Man?
He was a painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist, and studied subjects
Describe the practice of selling indulgences used by Catholic clergy during the Renaissance
Indulgences were a pardon that released sinners from performing penalties
Who declared himself the head of the English Church?
King Henry VIII
What was one of John Calvin’s major teachings?
predestination and theocracy
Who was the important Catholic Reformer who founded the Jesuit order?
Ignatius of Loyola
What kind of person represented the ideal of the Renaissance man.?
Strove to master every area of study
How did Italy’s location near Constantinople help it become the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Christian scholars fled to Rome and brought Greek manuscripts when Constantinople was conquered
What was an important effect of the invention of the printing press?
Writers used vernacular, rise of literacy, and a desire for learning
Why was block printing more useful in Europe than in China?
Europe had a smaller number of letters
Identify 2 reasons for the Reformation?
Leaders challenged the pope’s authority, merchants resented taxes to the Church
Identify 2 of Luther’s main beliefs?
All people of faith were equal, All church teachings were based on the bible
What was the main reason for Henry VIII’s split with the Roman Catholic Church?
He needed a male heir
What was agreed upon at the Council of Trent?
The church’s interpretation of the bible was final
The Peace of Augsburg ended a war between supporters of which two groups?
The Protestants and Catholics
Which idea of Luther’s most influenced John Calvin?
Humans cannot earn salvation through deeds or indulgences
Which European country was the leader in developing and applying 15th century
sailing innovations?
Portugal
Who were the first Europeans to arrive on Japanese soil
Portuguese sailors
Why was the caravel an important development in navigation?
better maneuverability, large cargo, and could explore close to shore
Korea was a vassal state of which country during the 1700s?
China
During the 1500s, what was China’s official trade policy
Isolationism, only the government could trade between countries
Why did Lord Macartney give a letter from King George III to Qian-long?
Great Britain wanted to increase trade with China
Who captained the first European ship to sail around the tip of Africa, now known
as the Cape of Good Hope?
Bartolomue Dias
What did Hongwu do first to help China become a dominant power?
Driving the Mongols out of China
What type of policy did Japan institute to control foreign ideas?
The Closed Country Policy
What type of poetry presents images rather than expresses an idea?
Haikus
What were European’s main motives for making voyages of exploration?
They wanted new sources of wealth, wanted goods from Asia, and wanted to spread Christianity
Why was Zheng He important?
He led all 7 voyages of exploration and gained China tribute countries
Why was the introduction of European firearms in Japan successful?
The Daimyo could defeat the samurai and castles were built to defend against cannons starting the build of cities
What were China’s main reasons for rejecting British offers of trade?
Lord Macartney refused to kowtow and China did not need British goods
How did Prince Henry of Portugal influence exploration?
He organized voyages of exploration and set up navigational schools which trained sailors
Describe the attitude reflected by China’s Forbidden City and the way it was used?
The city’s immensity and fame showed off their power and might. This intimidated people
What major barrier hindered an effective centralized government in Japan?
The Daimyo still governed at a local level
Why was Tokugawa Ieyasu upset by the success of Christian missionaries?
They scorned Japanese beliefs and involved themselves in politics
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Portugal and Spain?
To stop their dispute over whose land was whose
What two main reasons kept China from becoming highly industrialized?
The idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs and taxes were high on manufacturing products
What was the main economic activity in New France?
The fur trade
Who conquered the Aztec empire?
Hernando Cortez
Why did Europeans see Africans as a better a source of labor than Native Americans?
African had some immunity to diseases, Africans had experience in farming, they didn’t know their way around the land, and their skin made it easier to spot.
What was the purpose of most of the joint-stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s?
American Colonization
Where in the Americas did Christopher Columbus land first?
In the Caribbean
What did the encomienda system provide for New Spain?
provided a source of labor
What prompted a wave of new businesses and trade practices in Europe in the
16th and 17th centuries?
New wealth from the Americas and an increase in overseas trade
Which European country was the first to import enslaved Africans to the Americas?
Spain
As part of the Columbian Exchange, what was carried west across the Atlantic?
food, plants, animals, and disease
What area was originally founded as a settlement by the Dutch?
Manhattan Island and the Hudson waterways
What helped to increase the slave trade in Africa during the seventh century?
The spread of Islam
What aided the Spanish in conquering the Aztecs?
superior weaponry, European diseases, and the help of locals
On what assumption was the encomienda system based?
That anyone on the land was property and was to be respected
Why did the English want to take control of New Netherland?
They wanted to join their northern and southern colonies
What was one result of the loss of native lives to disease?
A severe shortage of labor which caused Africans to be used instead
How did slavery in African and Muslim societies differ from slavery in the Americas?
In African societies slaves had legal rights, could hold positions of power, and could legally escape their bondage
What was one effect in Europe of the financial success of American colonies?
A growth in overseas trade prompted a rise of new businesses and trade practices
How did Bartolemé de Las Casas affect race relations in the Americas?
Bartoleme said Africans were better slaves than natives and everyone started using Africans
According to the policy of mercantilism, how could a nation increase its wealth?
export more than it imports
How was Africa affected by the Atlantic slave trade?
It depleted the population by millions and modernized Africa with the European trading goods
What concept was the belief in divine right used to support?
absolute monarchy
Who was brought to England’s thrown following the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary
Who inherited the Austrian throne only after Charles VI had the other European
powers sign an agreement declaring they would recognize the heir?
Maria Theresa
During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, which group suffered the greatest loss of power?
The boyars
What were some of Philip II.s accomplishments as king of Spain?
He seized the Portuguese kingdom, brought in incredible wealth from the America, and defended Catholicism
What was the main cause of the eight civil wars that were fought in France
between 1562 and 1598?
conflict between Catholics and Huguenots
What was the main cause of the eight civil wars that were fought in France
between 1562 and 1598?
conflict between Catholics and Huguenots
What was the main cause of the eight civil wars that were fought in France
between 1562 and 1598?
conflict between Catholics and Huguenots
What king became France’s most powerful ruler and boasted “I am the state?”
Louis XIV
Why did Peter the Great build the city of St. Petersburg?
It provided a connection to Europe and allowed trade to occur between them
European monarchs became absolute rulers in response to _____________?
Widespread unrest caused by conflicts caused rulers to impose order and increase power
After the northern Dutch gained their freedom from Spain, what type of government did the United Provinces of the Netherlands establish?
A Republic
What political purpose did the splendid palace at Versailles serve?
It made the nobility totally dependent on Louis and gave more power to the intendants
What did the Restoration restore to power in England?
the Monarchy
Which war resulted in the beginning of the modern state system in Europe?
30 Years’ War
What did Frederick the Great believe a ruler should be?
A ruler should be like a father to his people
What was Peter the Great the first Russian ruler to make an effort to do?
Westernize Russia
Identify the chronological order of the following events in English history: the Glorious Revolution, the Restoration, and the English Civil War
(1) English Civil War, (2) the Restoration, and (3) the Glorious Revolution
How did the economy of central Europe differ from that of Western Europe?
In Western Europe, serfs gained freedom and developed cities, creating a middle class and greatly boosting the western countries’ economies, but in Central serfs were not free and trade could not happen between them
