ch 23 FRQ topics Flashcards
Causes of French Revolution
- Large differences between 3rd estate and 1st and 2nd. 1st payed 2% of taxes, 2nd payed none, 3rd payed 98% of taxes and faced starvation.
- 2nd and 3rd ruled the voting system, each estate had one vote, and 1st and 2nd always agreed, overruling 3rd.
- The 3rd estate wanted to limit the monarch’s power and wanted to have more equality. They were inspired by the American revolution to have rights and equality.
Stages of French Revolution
4 stages
- estates general, split into three parts
a. National Assembly- created after declaration was made in Tennis Court oath, 1st estate member Joseph Seiyes saw their co-operation and suggested naming them the National Assembly.
b. Tennis court oath- where they made their first constitution; locked king in tennis court in versailles
c. storm of Bastille- people need gunpowder to defend themselves, raid famous french prison and free prisoners as well - Great fear- storm of Bastille causes wave of panic in French people. Lots of rioting and nobles are killed and their homes burnt down.
- Reign of Terror- When Jacobins execute king, Robespierre takes power. He sets up the republic of virtue which targets anyone against or not fully for the revolution and killed them. He wanted to completely erase France’s past The terror ends when Robespierre is executed for not giving names of traitors.
- moderation- Robespierre is executed and moderates make a new constitution. They shift power in the hands of the upper middle class. Create bicameral legislature. Establish executive body: the directory, includes Napoleon. Napoleon rules french army.
Long term effects of French revolution
- the ideals of democracy spread
- a sense of nationalism spreads, WWI
- idea of revolutions and defying ruler spreads, causes revolutions in Latin America
Motto of French revolution
Liberte, egalite, fraternite.
Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)
Liberty for french people, equality among men- nobility abolished, monarchy abolished, having fair vote, equal taxes. Fraternity- banding together to abolish the monarchy
reign of terror
- Reign of Terror- When Jacobins execute king, Robespierre takes power. He sets up the republic of virtue which targets anyone against or not fully for the revolution and killed them. He wanted to completely erase France’s past, creates new religion and gets rid of past religion, creates religion of reason. The terror ends when Robespierre is executed for not giving names of traitors.
Deceleration of rights of man
After people create constitution in tennis court oath, the storm of bastille happened, then great fear, the this constitution is made. It is a declaration of independence with bill of rights mixed in. Guarantees freedom of speech, press, religion, sovereignty to the people, no king, abolish feudal system, and a constitutional monarchy. Main thing is equality. Olympe D. Gouges creates DOR of women, is rejected and executed
Maximilian Robespierre
Started out as great orator who could manipulate its audience. After creation of national assembly, he becomes leader of Jacobin, wants radical changes. Robespierre manipulates people by being their voice. When king is executed, he gains power and starts reign of terror. Creates Committee of Public Safety, killed people who were considered enemies of revolution, included normal people. Creates republic of virtue. he is executed when he doesn’t give up names of traitors. Napoleon takes over.
Napoleon’s accomplishments during peacetime
Positive accomplishments- creates meritocracy, people are advanced based on skill not birth. Abolishes feudal system. Gave people plebiscites. Supported revolution ideas. creates national banks. ends corruption in government. sets up Lycees. restores Church with concordat. sets up Napoleonic code. men get equal rights.
Negative accomplishments
Establishes Consul of 3: an oligarchy. People believed to be a threat were eliminated. Freedom of speech and press restricted. Men made more authoritarian. colonial slavery brought back. goes to war with Europe.
Napoleon’s disastrous mistakes
CPR
Continental System
Peninsular war
Invading Russia
Continental and peninsular explained later
invading Russia- Alexander I didn’t stop trading with Britain because they were isolated and Britain helped a lot. Napoleon invades, Alex uses scorched earth policy, napoleon loses thousands, retreats.
Afterwards GRASP- Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, Prussia all band together and defeat napoleon
Battle of Traflagar
Napoleon tries to invade Britain, have big naval battle off coast of Spain. Under Admiral Nelson, the British divide the French fleet in half and destroy them. Effects- guaranteed British naval supremacy for next century, Napoleon couldn’t invade britain.
Peninsular War
Napoleon wants Portugal to join continental system, invades through Spain. Spain is mad, Napoleon removes king and puts his brother in place. The peasants fight against him for six years. Effects- greater nationalism, other countries joined against France
Continental system
Napoleon closes all ports in an effort to make Europe self sufficient and cut off Britain. England sets up own blockade, US ships cant trade. Causes War of 1812 between US and Britain but also ruins trade with France and Europe.
Congress of Vienna and lasting effects upon Europe
Congress of Vienna- meetings in Austria where European countries establish a system of co-operation and divide the borders.
Problem- two revolutions- French and industrial. They didn’t want anyone to rise up and crush countries, but Britain just got very advanced with industrial revolution and they need to reduce France a bit more.
Effects- first time nations co-operate, first time they agreed to aid each other, created 40 years of peace, created early European union.
Metternich’s goals
BAR-
Balance of power
Aggression, French aggression
Restore royal families
Wanted all European countries to have equal power so that one wont rise up and destroy the others, like France. This was hindered by Britain’s advancements in industrial revolution
Prevent future french aggression, leaving France powerless would harm Europe so they reduce their power, establish the monarchy, and surround it with other powerful countries.
Restore royal families- principle of legitimacy, where the monarchs taken out out of power are put back, did so in an effort to create stability in countries. Britain and France become constitutional monarchy, Russia, Austria, and Prussia become absolute monarchies again, fear revolutions
All of this was so one didn’t rise up and crush the others, like France and cause lots of nationalism, in turn WWI
Holy alliance
RAP- Russia Austria Prussia An alliance based on christian principles. They were all located towards the eats, creating a divide in Europe. holy alliance creates concert of Europe.
