Ch 22 Study guide

Question 1

Who proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory?

Answer 1

Copernicus

Question 2

What effects did the scientific revolution have on society?

Answer 2

It challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the church and made people question accepted beliefs

Question 3

Describe the neoclassical style. Provide an example.

Answer 3

A simple, elegant style based off ideas form classic Greece or Rome. An example is Beethoven’s music

Question 4

How did the Declaration of Independence embody Enlightenment ideals?

Answer 4

It was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke, argued for natural rights, and the right to overthrow a tyrannical ruler

Question 5

How did the taxation problem in America differ before and after independence?

Answer 5

Before, they were being forcefully taxed without representation and after, the new government could only request funds, not impose law, which led to them putting tariffs between states

Question 6

What did the censors of the Catholic Church ban?

Answer 6

Banned Galileo’s ideas of a heliocentric solar system

The enlightenment ideas spread and the government and church authorities banned books and imprisoned enlightenment thinkers to stop the ideas from spreading.

BANNED ENCYCLOPEDIA

Question 7

What would be an example of the influence of Enlightenment ideas in the 1700s?

Answer 7

Neoclassical style, classical music, and novels and new literature

Question 8

How does the main character in Richardson’s Pamela reflect Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 8

It tells the story of a young servant girl who refuses the advances of her master, just like people questioning ancient beliefs and leaders, as well as Locke’s idea of the right to overthrow a tyrannical ruler

Question 9

Which philosophe contradicted the ideas in the U.S. Constitution?

Answer 9

Hobbes believed people should hand over their rights to a ruler with total power in exchange for law and order

Question 10

How did Zacharias Janssen make Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries possible?

Answer 10

The scientific method and scientific revolution demanded new tools to observe the natural world and make precise observations

Jansen invented microscope

Question 11

What did Andreas Vesalius and Voltaire both do?

Answer 11

They both challenged existing laws, Vesalius proved human anatomy was different from pigs and Voltaire fought for freedoms

Question 12

What did American colonists protest as taxation without representation?

Answer 12

The colonists had no representatives in parliament so they couldn’t argue against the stamp tax or any other tax. They believed this violated their natural rights

Question 13

What beliefs did the Enlightenment promote?

Answer 13

It promoted reason, thought, and the power of the individual
It promoted reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty
truth could be discovered through reason, everything natural is good, urged people to seek happiness on earth, society could always improve, and everyone should have liberties

Question 14

Describe the law of universal gravitation?

Answer 14

every object in the universe attracts every other object

Question 15

How were Thomas Hobbes and Catherine the Great similar?

Answer 15

After a serf rebellion, Catherine the Great resulted to giving all the power to the monarch and nobles, leaving no freedom for the serfs, much like Hobbes’ idea of a social contract. She also liked ideas of other philosophes.

Question 16

What did Frederick II support?

Answer 16

He wanted to reform Prussia by granting religious freedoms, reducing censorship, improving education, reforming the justice system, and abolishing torture. His main goal was to strengthen his country

Question 17

How did the baroque style and neoclassical style differ?

Answer 17

Baroque was very gaudy and grand, e.g. Versailles, while neoclassical was simple and based off Greece and Rome

Question 18

How did Montesquieu influence the U.S Constitution?

Answer 18

Montesquieu’ ideas about separation of powers was implemented into our government in the constitution

Question 19

What events occurred after the American Revolution?

Answer 19

America becomes a republic under the Articles of Confederation, the French were inspired by the revolution and DOI to start the French Revolution, and then America wrote a functioning constitution

Question 20

What is the correct sequence of steps used in the scientific process?

Answer 20

It begins with a problem or question from observation, then a hypothesis is formed, then the hypothesis is tested, then the data is analyzed and a conclusion is made to either prove or disprove the hypothesis

Question 21

Describe the neoclassical style of art

Answer 21

Neoclassical is a simple, elegant style, based off of classic Greece and Rome and heavily influenced by the Enlightenment

Question 22

Who was Henry Fielding?

Answer 22

Henry Fielding was an English Novel writer, famous for his book ‘Tom Jones’ which told the story of an orphan who traveled all over England to win the hand of his lady

Question 23

Who influenced the Bill of Rights?

Answer 23

The Bill of rights included amendments such as freedom of speech and religion, many of which were based off of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke

Question 24

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Answer 24

Thomas Jefferson

Question 25

How did the philosophers influence Catherine the Great?

Answer 25

She reformed Russia’s laws based on Montesquieu and Beccaria, she also recommended religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment. Was the most admired by the philosophes

Question 26

Describe baroque art and the time period it dominated.

Answer 26

Baroque was very grand, ornate, gaudy style, such as Versailles, and dominated the 1600’s and early 1700’s

Question 27

What document/book explains the idea of direct democracy?

Answer 27

In Rousseau’s book ‘The Social Contract’

Question 28

What did the philosophes, in general, all believe in?

Answer 28

They all believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life in order to personally judge what was right and wrong

Question 29

What did Isaac Newton explain?

Answer 29

Newton explained the law of universal gravitation, that every object attracts every other object

Question 30

What was Francis Bacon responsible for developing?

Answer 30

Bacon developed empiricism, where everything could be proved by experiments and experience to draw conclusions