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World History 3rd > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of government was used before the Enlightenment?

A

monarchy

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2
Q

What institution was even more powerful than the royalty during the Dark Ages?

A

Catholic Church

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3
Q

How was science treated at the time?

A

Because they went against official church teachings, any science that the church didn’t agree with was criticized, tortured, or killed.

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4
Q

what is the enlightenment?

A

The enlightenment is a time period of immense change. It contained an explosion of ideas that focused on individual happiness and rights through logic and reason.

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5
Q

What are the three largest effects of the Enlightenment?

A
  • Less religious outlook
  • Belief in Progress
  • Importance on the Individuals
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6
Q

What undermined the power and influence of the Catholic Church?

A

scientific advances

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7
Q

During the Dark Ages, whose happiness was the most important? Afterwards?

A

Kings and Queens, The common people

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8
Q

What is the social contract?

A

An agreement between the citizens and the government to follow rules in return for safety

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9
Q

What are the three Natural Rights?

A

Life
Liberty
Property

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10
Q

According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?

A

To protect the natural rights of its citizens

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11
Q

How was the French and Indian War important in bringing about the American Revolution?

A

The war left the English in debt, which made them try to erase by taxing the colonists. The Colonists were upset about paying taxes AND not have representation.

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12
Q

What is Mercantilism?

A

The policy of linking national security to national wealth. This made the English view the colonies as nothing more than money makers

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13
Q

Why did the British occupy Boston, and pass the rest of the Intolerable Acts?

A

This was done in response to the Boston Tea Party, and were meant as a punishment for the colonists

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14
Q

What were the Intolerable Acts?

A
  • Occupying Boston and shutting down its harbor
  • Disbanding the colonial government and installing a dictator
  • Forcing colonists to house and feed the English troops
  • Allowing loyalists to be tried for crimes in England
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15
Q

Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.

A

John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. England was only trying to make itself richer, and wasn’t protecting our rights (the Navigation Acts, the Stamp Act, not allowed us to govern ourselves, forcing us to house their troops, etc.)

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16
Q

In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?

A

We have a government that focuses on protecting its citizens’ happiness. Voting rights, freedoms of speech religion, press, etc. 3 branches of government, trial by jury, no illegal search and seizure, capitalism

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17
Q

What things did the first and second estates (France) have in common?

A

All had political power, paid no taxes, were wealthy, and there were very few of them

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18
Q

What is the only quality that all 3rd estate members shared?

A

All lacked political power, and paid taxes

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19
Q

How large was the 3rd estate, and what kind of people did it encompass?

A

97% of the population. Included everyone from rich business owners, merchants and artisans to peasants and poor unskilled city workers and the homeless

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20
Q

Describe the living conditions for the peasants. Give specific examples.

A

Were small farmers who grew just enough food to survive on, gave half to the king. Lived in a one room house, with no windows or heat, ate anything they could find. Were very close to starvation all the time. Had no rights, were used only to make the king richer and more powerful

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21
Q

What are four economic problems that France had before the Revolution?

A
  • Raising taxes on the citizens caused an economic collapse
  • Droughts killed crops and made food too expensive to buy
  • France spent too much money help the colonists in the American Revolution
  • General overspending by the king and queen on themselves
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22
Q

In what two ways did the American Revolution help to bring about the French Revolution?

A
  • France spent so much money helping us, that they ruined their own economy
  • The successes of our revolution, and the government that followed were an inspiration to France
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23
Q

How did Enlightenment ideas helped bring about the French Revolution?

A

John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. French peasants were only used to make the king richer, and the government was taking away the rights of the peasants. (Taking their food, no freedoms of speech or religion, executing peasants without a trial for small crimes.)

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24
Q

Which Estate took power in the French Revolution?

A

3rd

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25
Q

How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change the government of France?

A
  • Got rid of estates, making all men equals
  • Made a parliament with the king still having power in the government
  • Government would focus on protecting the rights of its citizens
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26
Q

Why was all of Europe scared of the French Revolution?

A

They were afraid that the French peasant uprising would inspire peasants in other countries, and revolt against their kings

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27
Q

What is the Great Fear?

A

Peasants were scared of the Austrian invasion, thinking they were going to punish the lower classes for overthrowing the king. Peasants formed into roving militias that killed, burned, and stole from anyone they could. There was no government to stop the bands of thieves for weeks.

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28
Q

How would the new Jacobin-led government be different from the past?

A

They used the fear and lack of control in the countryside to convince people to give them power to stop the problems

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29
Q

What was Maximilien Robespierre able to do because he was the head of the Commission of Public Safety?

A

Execute anyone who opposed the revolution, or eventually who was his own enemy

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30
Q

How does the French Revolution provide an example of the dangers of democracy?

A

Democracy is not an easy government to type to run. This one let fear and ignorance overrule reason and education. Another thing it teaches is the danger of not protecting minority groups and people who have opposing views as the government.

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31
Q

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

A

Most people lived on small family farms, grew enough food to eat, most work was done by hand

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32
Q

How does industrialization change daily life?

A
  • Most of the work begins to be done by machine power

- Work begins to be done outside the home in factories

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33
Q

What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Increased food production

- Increased urban population

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34
Q

Where did Industrialization first start?

A

england

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35
Q

What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?

A
  • Plenty of fuel for machines
  • Stable Economy
  • Natural Resources
  • Stable Government
  • Rivers for transport
  • Trade routes already established
  • Large harbors
  • Large urban workforce without options or skills
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36
Q

Which industry was the first to industrialize?

A

textiles

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37
Q

What are 3 improvements in Transportation, how does each one contribute to helping society?

A
  • Railroads - Allowed goods to be shipped faster and cheaper, created jobs, moved people to the cities
  • Steamboats - Goods could be shipped upstream, goods could be shipped faster and cheaper
  • Better drained roads - Allowed goods to be transported quickly
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38
Q

How do telegraphs and telephones change life during industrialization?

A

They sped up communications to minutes/secs vs. months

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39
Q

Why wouldn’t England let certain people out of their country?

A

The English wanted to keep the secret of industrialization to themselves

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40
Q

What places in the world are in the process of becoming industrialized?

A

China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.

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41
Q

Where has industrialization not started yet on a large scale?

A

Africa

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42
Q

What are 8 specific things that were wrong with the tenement housing or working conditions?

A

-Low pay and long hours
-No police protection
-Very dangerous conditions
-Rooms too crowded
-Frequent disease outbreaks
-No running water
-No education
Literally anything else that we’ve talked about

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43
Q

How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?

A

Countries that industrialized first were able to make a lot more money and weapons, which allowed them to take over non industrialized countries, and take their stuff.

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44
Q

How did the government help to cause the poor state of the working class?

A

They did not pass any laws that would hurt businesses, so companies took advantage of their workers

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45
Q

What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?

A 
Lack of government rules
No education for lower classes
Poor working and living conditions
Disease
Factory owners grew richer
Child Labor
Poor became even more poor
46
Q

What are five long term effects of Industrialization?

A 
More individual wealth
Better health and life expectancy
Growth of a middle class
Better education
Building codes and business regulations enacted and enforced
47
Q

What does laissez-faire mean?

A

Hands off

48
Q

Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?

A

Government’s hands off of the businesses

49
Q

Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?

A

Individuals

50
Q

At what scale is capitalism efficient?

A

Local factory or farm level

51
Q

How does the “invisible hand” work?

A

the collective decisions of all consumers informs owners of what to make without the need for government involvement

52
Q

Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?

A

The harder you work, or the better your invention, the more money you will make

53
Q

Describe David Ricardo’s theory. Why didn’t it come true?

A

As population grew, wages would decrease. Our wages have risen due to unions and new government regulations

54
Q

What is social Darwinism?

A

Survival of the fittest applied to humans

55
Q

What are the problems with Social Darwinism?

A

It justifies extreme poverty and racism, both being based off of bad science. Social Darwinism is totally discredited today.

56
Q

What was necessary according to Thomas Malthus?

A

War
Disease
Famine

57
Q

What would happen without these events?

A

Everyone would be miserable and poor

58
Q

What is the main idea of Socialism?

A

Government would take an active role in improving lives of citizens by controlling industries considered too important to the health of the nation

59
Q

Give three examples of the “major businesses.”

A

Energy
Transportation
Banking

60
Q

If a business isn’t considered important to national health, who owns and operates the business?

A

Individuals

61
Q

What book laid out the idea of Communism?

A

Communist Manifesto

62
Q

According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?

A

2, Haves and Have-nots (owners vs. workers, rich vs. poor )

63
Q

Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?

A

They would rise up violently and kill the rich class when the conditions and wealth inequality were bad enough

64
Q

In Communism, who owns the businesses?

A

government

65
Q

What is the goal of Communism?

A

equality

66
Q

When is communism efficient?

A

national scale

67
Q

What are two problems with Communist theories?

A

provides no rewards for working hard

not efficient at the local scale

68
Q

What is a union?

A

Group of workers who fight for better conditions at work

69
Q

What is a strike?

A

Refusal to work until an agreement is reached between the union and the employer

70
Q

Why did European countries want to own colonies?

A 
Natural Resources
Markets to sell goods to 
Nationalism
Social Darwinism (to civilize the natives)
To control trade routes
 Spread Christianity
Worldwide naval bases
71
Q

Who took over in India after the fall of the Mughals?

A

British East India Company

72
Q

Who did the English hire to conquer India?

A

British officers and Indian soldiers

73
Q

What is a sepoy?

A

An Indian soldier that is fighting for the East India Company

74
Q

What rumor caused the sepoy rebellion?

A

The new bullet casings were greased with pork and beef fat

Muslims don’t eat pork, and Hindus don’t eat any meat, especially beef

75
Q

Who defeated the sepoys after the East India Co. left?

A

The British Government

76
Q

What were the problems that Europeans had in trying to conquer Africa before industrializing?

A

Terrain was impassable (mountains, deserts, etc)
Rivers were dangerous
Both sides had the same weapons
Malaria and other diseases

77
Q

What inventions were created to that allowed the Europeans to take over Africa?

A

Railroads
Steamboats
Maxim Gun
Quinine

78
Q

Describe how Africans were living before Europeans invaded?

A

There were hundreds of smaller tribes and ethnic groups, and they were used very little modern technology/were not industrialized.

79
Q

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

A

To split up Africa without going to war with each other

80
Q

What determined how much of Africa each country got at the Berlin Conference?

A

The amount of military and economic power the country had

81
Q

What did Europeans consider when deciding which areas to claim?

A

Natural Resources

82
Q

What did they ignore when carving up Africa?

A

Tribal boundaries and ethnic groupings

83
Q

What is a cash crop?

A

A crop grown to sell for profit

84
Q

What are four examples of cash crops?

A

coffee
cacao
peanuts
Rubber, cotton, opium, indigo, etc.

85
Q

What was different about Menelik II’s method of fighting the Europeans?

A

He was able to fight the Europeans with their own kind of weapons

86
Q

How did African tribes react to colonization overall?

A

Sustained violent resistance

87
Q

What were four positives of imperialism in Africa?

A

less local warfare
Better health, sanitation, and medicine
Better life expectancy and literacy rates
Better technology

88
Q

What were five negatives of imperialism in Africa?

A

Lost independence and were used for forced labor
Many people died from new diseases, resistance movements, and famine
Africans never got the economic benefit of its resources
Totally destroyed African leadership, and put nothing in place when Europeans left
Dividing lines between tribes torn apart some ethnic groups, forced enemies to become allies, and set up the modern problems in africa

89
Q

Describe the Ottoman Empire at its peak.

A

It was the center of power, culture, and science for hundreds of years during the Dark Ages

90
Q

Why did the Ottomans begin to fall behind the Europeans?

A

Lack of progress due to infighting and corruption

91
Q

Why did the Europeans want control of the Middle East?

A

Control of trade routes that connect the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as oil eventually

92
Q

Define Geopolitics?

A

An area is seen as important because its location has strategic value to another country

93
Q

Who joined the Ottomans, and why would they do that?

A

France and Britain, so they could be the ones to take over the Crimean Peninsula instead of Russia

94
Q

What was the major difference in the European armies compared to the Russian army?

A

England and France had a smaller but industrialized and modern army, while Russia’s was old and huge

95
Q

What did the Crimean War prove to the rest of the world?

A

That countries need to industrialize or be taken over by the Europeans

96
Q

How did the Egyptians try to modernize their country?

A

Built the Suez Canal
Started to plant cash crops and irrigation systems
Updated communication and transportation networks

97
Q

How much did that cost? Where did they get that money?

A

500 million dollars, European bank

98
Q

How did the British use the debt to take over?

A

Britain used Egypt’s inability to pay its debt to force their way into the Egyptian government

99
Q

Why did the US want colonies?

A

To use as markets, for cash crops, and as a trading post

100
Q

John Locke

A

Natural rights, government’s duty is to protect those rights

101
Q

Voltaire

A

Freedom of thought, expression, and religions

102
Q

Montesquieu

A

separation of powers in government

103
Q

Adam Smith

A

founded of capitalism

104
Q

Louis XVI

A

last king of France

105
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

Leader of the Jacobins and the “Reign of Terror” during the French Revolution

106
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Social Darwinism

107
Q

Karl Marx

A

founder communism

108
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Fast growing population will grow faster than our ability to feed ourselves, and will result in war

109
Q

David Livingstone

A

Scottish Minister who was the first European to explore the interior of Africa.

110
Q

Menelik II

A

Ruler of Ethiopia who beat the Italians when they tried to invade

World History 3rd (12 decks)

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