Midterm Review

Question 1

Theological basis for counseling

Answer 1

2 Corinthians 1:1-5
Matthew 11:28-30	
2 Corinthians 4:6-8
Galatians 6:1-6
When were Job’s friends most helpful?

Question 2

A reflective practitioner

Answer 2

First, they must try to rid themselves of their psychological problems

Second, to recognize the therapist and patient are made up of the same moral stuff

Question 3

Perry’s stages of development

Answer 3

Right / Wrong
Multiplistic Stage
Relativistic stage

Question 4

Carl Rogers’ three essential personal characteristics

Answer 4

Congruence / Genuine
Positive Regard
Empathy

Question 5

The stages of the helping process

Answer 5

1. Relationship building and opening up
2. Assessment/information gathering
3. Goal setting / Treatment planning
4. Intervention and action
5. Outcome evaluation and reflection

Question 6

Characteristics of a therapeutic relationship compared to a friendship

Answer 6

Focus on the client’s issues/welfare

A professional helper discusses personal issues not usually addressed in a friendship

A contract to initiate change, which includes commitment and confidentiality

Helper may receive some form of compensation

Question 7

Self-Disclosure guidelines

Answer 7

– Brief
– good timing
– sensitivity to mismatch

Question 8

Use of self statements

Answer 8

“We will . . . “
“I find myself reluctant. . .”
“I am feeling. . .”

Question 9

Self-Disclosure Mistakes

Answer 9

too deep
poorly timed
not matching client’s experience

Question 10

Relationship enhancers

Answer 10

Squarely
Open posture - body language
Leaning toward client - proximity
Attending behavior 
Relaxed

Question 11

Transference

Answer 11

(Client) carry over of feelings of past relationships to new ones

Question 12

Major transference patterns

Answer 12

Ideal, seer, nurturer, frustrator, nonentity

Question 13

Nonverbal messages

Answer 13

80% of communication is nonverbal
38% of emotions conveyed by the voice
55% of emotions conveyed by the face
Only 7% of emotions conveyed verbally

Question 14

Dissonance

Answer 14

We are motivated to keep cognitions such as values, beliefs, and attitudes consistent

Question 15

Opening skills

Answer 15

Openers - What is on your mind? Heart? What would you like to talk about?

What will happen here that will make it worthwhile to you that we have spent this time together?

Question 16

Issues regarding questions and skills

Answer 16

• Bombardment / grilling
• Multiple questions
• Questions as statements
• Cultural differences
• Control dimensions
• “Why?”

Question 17

Four functions served by reflecting skills

Answer 17

• Communicate empathy
• Form of feedback / mirror to confirm or correct
• Stimulates further exploration
• Captures important aspects of client messages that otherwise may be missed

Question 18

Common problems in paraphrasing

Answer 18

• Simply reciting the facts
• Mental noise
• Worrying about what to say next
• Being Judgmental/taking the client’s side

Question 19

Mental noise

Answer 19

• Your own thoughts / experiences / emotions
• What will I ask next?
• Being judgmental / taking sides

Question 20

Common problems in reflecting feelings

Answer 20

• Closed question – “How did you feel?” vs. open question – Can you tell me how you are feeling?
• Waiting too long.. . afraid to interrupt. . .letting a client ramble
• Reflection as a question
• Combining a reflection and a question
• Focusing on others instead of your client

Question 21

Nonjudgmental listening cycle & its components

Answer 21

• Open Question
• Minimal Encourager
• Door Opener
• Paraphrase
• Reflection of Feeling
• Reflection of Meaning
• Summary

Question 22

Inner-circle strategy

Answer 22

• Level A - Very personal issues
• Levels B, C, & D - Increasingly private issues
• Level E - Public issues

Question 23

When it is beneficial to confront clients . . .

Answer 23

1. They are operating on misinformation about the self
2. They are operating with mistaken ideas and irrational beliefs
3. They misinterpret the actions of others
4. They are blaming others rather than examining themselves
5. Their behavior, thoughts, feelings and values are inconsistent
6. They are not operating according to their own values
7. They are not working on the goals that they participated in setting

Question 24

3 different Roles in Counseling

Answer 24

• Shepherd
• Priest
• Prophet

Question 25

The ingredients of effective counseling according to Dr. Gray

Answer 25

• Relationship (trust, different viewpoint, hope)
• Insight
• Feelings
• Behavior change
• Time passing
• Prayer

Question 26

The Therapeutic Relationship

Answer 26

• 40%: client and extra therapeutic factors (such as ego strength, social support, etc.)
• 30%: therapeutic relationship (such as empathy, warmth, and encouragement of risk-taking)
• 15%: expectancy and placebo effects
• 15%: techniques unique to specific therapies

Question 27

What helps establish the therapeutic relationship?

Answer 27

Helper is nonjudgmental
•	Helper’s self-disclosure
•	Validation of feelings
•	Normalization of feelings
•	Helper’s commitment to help
•	Helper’s use of humor
•	Helper’s listening skills and nonverbal behavior
•	Client’s choice

Question 28

What direction do I go in?

Answer 28

Think
Act
Feel
Believe

Question 29

Types of discrepancies

Answer 29

Incongruities between:
•	verbal and nonverbal messages
•	beliefs and experiences
•	values and how the client behaves
•	What the client says and does
•	experience and plans
•	Two verbal messages

Question 30

Confrontation function

Answer 30

Point out discrepancies in client beliefs, behaviors, words or nonverbal messages