Midterm Review Flashcards
How do cells capture the energy released by cell respiration?
They produce ATP
Products of cell respiration are:
energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
During photosynthesis and cellular respiration, some energy is lost:
in the form of heat
What is important of the digestion of lipids?
Bile salts
What is the correct order of the digestive system?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by:
Peristalsis
In the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the:
small intestine
During cell respiration, most of the energy in glucose is. . .
carried by electrons
During cell respiration, NADH. . .
delivers its electron load to the electron transport chain
What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?
to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffer
What is the best explanation for what happens to nutrient macromolecules in the animal’s digestive tract?
Nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption
The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by _____ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by _____
polar covalent. . .hydrogen
The tendency of water molecules to stick together is known as. . .
cohesion
Water’s surface tension and heat storage capacity is accounted for by its. . .
hydrogen bonds
A buffer
donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions who conditions become to acidic
Lactose intolerance is the inability to. . .
digest lactose
During which of the following phases does substrate level phosphorylation occur in cellular respiration
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
What is a result of glycolysis?
conversion of glucose to 2 three-carbon compounds
The end products of glycolysis include. . .
2 ATP and NADH
An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by. . .
lowering the activation energy of the reaction
Child is brought to the doctor with a temp of 107*. . . What offers to most logical explanation for this action?
Elevated body temperature may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell’s abilities to catalyze various reactions
Heating inactivates enzymes by. . .
changing the enzymes three-dimensional shape
How does inhibition of an enzyme catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition by an noncompetitive inhibitor?
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site
Why do oil and water not mix?
water exhibits polarity and oil does not
Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?
amino acids
The molecular formula of most monosaccharides represents a multiple of. . .
CH2 0
C(water)
A disaccharide forms when. . .
2 monosaccharides come together in dehydration synthesis
The storage form of carbs is ____ in animals and ____ in plants
glycogen. . . starch
Are fatty acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by. . .
the chemical properties of their R groups
Proteins differ from one another because. . .
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.
What is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
an alpha helix
The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to . . .
the overall 3-D structure
Which nutrient is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?
fats
Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ______ before entering the intestine
gallbladder
Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess waste from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment. . .
is hypotonic to the protozoan
The balloon is filled with a solution 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed on a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. What will happen?
Water will leave the balloon
What is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism?
The solute moves against the concentration gradient
Which structure is responsible for increasing turgor pressure, which aids in the stiffness of plant cells?
central vacuole
The antibiotics streptomycin, neomycin and others are thought to bind irreversibly with the ribosomes of bacteria and thus disrupt their normal functioning. Which process do these antibiotics stop?
prevent the synthesis of proteins
What is the effect of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis (graph-wise)
increases steadily, then flatlines
Effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis (graph-wise)
Up, peaks and then curves down back to x-axis
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that. . .
the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave the cell more easily than others
When physicians offer an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as possible. Which of the cell components are being matched?
glycoproteins and glycolipids
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will lyse, whereas plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
strength of the plant cell wall
Which organelle is not part of the endomembrane system within cells?
mitochondrion
What is the difference between free and attached ribosomes?
Free ribosomes produce proteins that will stay in the cell whereas attached ribosomes will produce proteins that are exported from the cell.
Proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the E.R are released into the. . .
interior of the endomembrane system
What is the long structure that provides tracks for vesicle support and is present in cilia and flagella?
microtubule
The role of the reaction center chlorophyll of a Photosystem is to . . .
lose electrons to the Electron Transport Chain
In most green plants, chloroplasts are. . .
concentrated in the mesophyll cells
Why doesn’t yeast directly secrete the pyruvate?
The conversion is needed to regenerate NAD+ consumed during glycolysis
A child is born with a rare disease in which the mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that. . .
the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise
Most functions of a cell membrane are performed by. . .
proteins
During chemiosmosis. . .
ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase
In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will
lyse (burst)
What does rubisco do?
adds CO2 to RuBP in the carbon fixation stage
