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HS Bio > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do cells capture the energy released by cell respiration?

A

They produce ATP

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2
Q

Products of cell respiration are:

A

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

During photosynthesis and cellular respiration, some energy is lost:

A

in the form of heat

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4
Q

What is important of the digestion of lipids?

A

Bile salts

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5
Q

What is the correct order of the digestive system?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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6
Q

Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by:

A

Peristalsis

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7
Q

In the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the:

A

small intestine

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8
Q

During cell respiration, most of the energy in glucose is. . .

A

carried by electrons

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9
Q

During cell respiration, NADH. . .

A

delivers its electron load to the electron transport chain

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10
Q

What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?

A

to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffer

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11
Q

What is the best explanation for what happens to nutrient macromolecules in the animal’s digestive tract?

A

Nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption

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12
Q

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by _____ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by _____

A

polar covalent. . .hydrogen

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13
Q

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is known as. . .

A

cohesion

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14
Q

Water’s surface tension and heat storage capacity is accounted for by its. . .

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

A buffer

A

donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions who conditions become to acidic

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16
Q

Lactose intolerance is the inability to. . .

A

digest lactose

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17
Q

During which of the following phases does substrate level phosphorylation occur in cellular respiration

A

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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18
Q

What is a result of glycolysis?

A

conversion of glucose to 2 three-carbon compounds

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19
Q

The end products of glycolysis include. . .

A

2 ATP and NADH

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20
Q

An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by. . .

A

lowering the activation energy of the reaction

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21
Q

Child is brought to the doctor with a temp of 107*. . . What offers to most logical explanation for this action?

A

Elevated body temperature may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell’s abilities to catalyze various reactions

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22
Q

Heating inactivates enzymes by. . .

A

changing the enzymes three-dimensional shape

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23
Q

How does inhibition of an enzyme catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition by an noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site

24
Q

Why do oil and water not mix?

A

water exhibits polarity and oil does not

25
Q

Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?

A

amino acids

26
Q

The molecular formula of most monosaccharides represents a multiple of. . .

A

CH2 0

C(water)

27
Q

A disaccharide forms when. . .

A

2 monosaccharides come together in dehydration synthesis

28
Q

The storage form of carbs is ____ in animals and ____ in plants

A

glycogen. . . starch

29
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

30
Q

Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by. . .

A

the chemical properties of their R groups

31
Q

Proteins differ from one another because. . .

A

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.

32
Q

What is an example of secondary structure in a protein?

A

an alpha helix

33
Q

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to . . .

A

the overall 3-D structure

34
Q

Which nutrient is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?

A

fats

35
Q

Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ______ before entering the intestine

A

gallbladder

36
Q

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess waste from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment. . .

A

is hypotonic to the protozoan

37
Q

The balloon is filled with a solution 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed on a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. What will happen?

A

Water will leave the balloon

38
Q

What is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism?

A

The solute moves against the concentration gradient

39
Q

Which structure is responsible for increasing turgor pressure, which aids in the stiffness of plant cells?

A

central vacuole

40
Q

The antibiotics streptomycin, neomycin and others are thought to bind irreversibly with the ribosomes of bacteria and thus disrupt their normal functioning. Which process do these antibiotics stop?

A

prevent the synthesis of proteins

41
Q

What is the effect of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis (graph-wise)

A

increases steadily, then flatlines

42
Q

Effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis (graph-wise)

A

Up, peaks and then curves down back to x-axis

43
Q

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that. . .

A

the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave the cell more easily than others

44
Q

When physicians offer an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as possible. Which of the cell components are being matched?

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

45
Q

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will lyse, whereas plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?

A

strength of the plant cell wall

46
Q

Which organelle is not part of the endomembrane system within cells?

A

mitochondrion

47
Q

What is the difference between free and attached ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes produce proteins that will stay in the cell whereas attached ribosomes will produce proteins that are exported from the cell.

48
Q

Proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the E.R are released into the. . .

A

interior of the endomembrane system

49
Q

What is the long structure that provides tracks for vesicle support and is present in cilia and flagella?

A

microtubule

50
Q

The role of the reaction center chlorophyll of a Photosystem is to . . .

A

lose electrons to the Electron Transport Chain

51
Q

In most green plants, chloroplasts are. . .

A

concentrated in the mesophyll cells

52
Q

Why doesn’t yeast directly secrete the pyruvate?

A

The conversion is needed to regenerate NAD+ consumed during glycolysis

53
Q

A child is born with a rare disease in which the mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that. . .

A

the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise

54
Q

Most functions of a cell membrane are performed by. . .

A

proteins

55
Q

During chemiosmosis. . .

A

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase

56
Q

In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will

A

lyse (burst)

57
Q

What does rubisco do?

A

adds CO2 to RuBP in the carbon fixation stage

HS Bio (3 decks)

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