Midterm Review Flashcards
How do we know we live in an orderly world?
Patterns, everything stays the same, not by random but created by God
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
Qualitative: Characteristics
Quantitative: Numbers
What is the SI system of measurement?
International, standardized simple unit based of 10
What is the conversion of Celsius to Kelvin?
273
Your science teacher shows you two candles-one with a cotton wick and the other with a wooden wick but identical in every other respect. Explain how you could use scientific inquiry to investigate the difference in burn ties between different wicks.
Cotton vs wood characteristics
how fast it burns, temperature, color
Draw conclusion based on inquiry
What are the characteristics of a physical property of matter?
Can be observed directly or measured without changing chemical identity
What are the characteristics of a chemical property of matter?
Observed or measured by changing the chemical identity
What are the characteristics of solids?
Molecules are very close and move around slowly. Definite shape and volume. Low combustibility
What are the characteristics of liquids?
Molecules are close and move around slowly, indefinite shape and definite volume.
What are the characteristics of gasses?
Molecules are widely spread and move freely. indefinite shape and volume, high combustibilty
What are the ways that matter changes shape?
Gaining or losing energy
What involves gaining or losing energy?
Sublimation-Gaining
Evaporation-Gaining
Condensation-Losing
What is the formula for Density?
D=M/V
Density equals mass divided by volume
Explain how matter is classified.
By its properties
elements pure or mixed substances
Mixture physically combined or homogenous or heterogenous
What are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom?
Neutron-nucleus
Proton-Nucleus
Electron-In Electron Cloud
What gives the atomic mass?
Number of protons and neutrons
What gives that atomic volume?
Electrons in the electron cloud
What is an isotope? How do you write the name of the isotope?
When there are more then needed electrons;based on number of neutrons
What is an anion? What charge does it have? Does it have more or less electrons than protons?
Gained electrons then protons, negative charge, more electrons
What is a cation? What charge does it have? Does it have more or less electrons than protons?
Lost electrons, positive charge
What do periods on the periodic table have in common? How many periods?
They add a electron shell;7
What do groups on the periodic table have in common? How many groups?
Same number of Valence Electrons; 18
What prompted the development of the modern periodic table?
to organize and arrange the elements and recognize patterns
How are elements of the periodic table arranged?
by the number of protons
What are the characteristics of metals? Where are they located on the periodic table?
ductible, highly reactive; left side and are 80% of the elements
What are the characteristics of metalloids? Where are they located on the periodic table?
brittle, solid, metallic luster, semi conductors; stairstep
What are the characteristics of non-metals? Where are they located on the periodic table?
4-8 valence electrons, can be gasses, liquids, or dull solids, can be metalloids or noble gases; right side
By where neon is located on the periodic table what do we know about it?
It is highly reactive
What do unstable atoms do in order to become more stable?
They bond with something with a full valence shell to be full
What forms are most elements typically found in nature?
Compound
How many valence electrons are needed to make an atom stable?
8
Be able to describe an ionic bond. What types of elements are needed?
Metal and nonmetal; gain and lose
Be able to describe a covalent bond. What type of electrons are needed?
nonmetal and nonmetal; share electrons
What is the evidence of a chemical change?
Precipitation, bubbles, smell, heat, color
What is the formula for decomposition?
AB -> A+B
What is the formula for double-replacement?
AB+CD-> AD+BC
What is the formula for single-replacement?
A+BC-> AD+BC
What is the formula for synthesis?
A+B->AB
What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?
Exothermic: releases more energy, hot
Endothermic: absorbs more energy then releases, cold
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
Define a solute
material dissolved
Define a solvent
doing dissolving, water
Define a solution
solid, liquid, gas, homogenous mixed and evenly distributed
Define solubility
amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature
What is the difference between a saturated solution and an unsaturated solution?
Saturated-maximum limit of solubility
Unsaturated-below the limit of solubility
What is a supersaturated solution?
Holds more than it should
Be able to identify a neutralization reaction. What category of a chemical reaction is it?
OH for base, H positive = H2;double replacement
Define an indicator.
A substance that changes color for an acid or base
How do you identify if a compound is an acid or base?
OH=Base
H positive =acid
How do the number of hydrogen ions differ between acids with different levels?
7 is neutral anything lower is a acid and anything higher is a base
Would pure water, a weak acid, or a strong acid have the greatest conductivity? Explain
Strong acid because it has more charged ions
