Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Exercise effect on pharmacokinetics absorption
A
- Oral: likely minor clinical significance
- IM, SQ, transdermal: may be increased, can be clinically significant
2
Q
INTRO - Timing of drug administration and effect of exercise, Volume of distribution, Beta blocker and epinephrine mechanisms
A
3
Q
Exercise effect on pharmacokinetics distribution
A
- Variable and depends on many factors: patient and drug
4
Q
Define volume of distribution
A
- The volume of distribution (Vd) is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing an individual drug’s propensity to either remain in the plasma or redistribute to other tissue compartments
5
Q
MOA of beta blockers
A
- Block beta1 receptors inhibiting increases in HR, contractility, and AV node conduction
- Is a beta1 receptor antagonist
6
Q
MOA of epinephrine
A
- Beta1 receptor agonist
- Increase HR, contractility, and AV node conduction
7
Q
Endocrine - Thyroid and Parathyroid hormone
Gluconeogenesis vs glycogenesis
Mineralocorticoids vs glucocorticoids
Effect of cortisol on glucose
A
8
Q
Describe thyroid hormone/disease
A
- Hypothalamus produces thyroid releasing hormone & goes to the pituitary gland
- Pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone & goes to the thyroid gland
- Thyroid gland produces T4 (preferred) and T3
9
Q
Describe gluconeogenesis
A
- The pathway by which glucose is formed form non-hexose precursors such as glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, & glycogenic amino acids
10
Q
Describe glycogenolysis
A
- The biochemical pathway in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose
11
Q
What are the 2 types of corticosteroids
A
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralocorticoids
12
Q
Describe glucocorticoids
A
- Gluco -> sugar, carbohydrates
- Affect intermediate carbohydrate metabolism
- Maximal release b/w 4-8am
- Stress -> 10 fold increase
- Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a major one
13
Q
Describe mienralocorticoids
A
- Mineral -> minerals in water; sodium & potassium
- Affect the water & electrolyte composition in the body
- Example: Aldosterone
- Increase sodium & water retention -> increased blood volume -> increased BP (HTN)
14
Q
Effects of cortisol on glucose
A
- Increased visceral obesity
- Increase low grade inflammation
- Increase leptin
- Increase protein catabolism
- Increase glycogenolysis
- Increase insulin resistance
- Decrease adiponectin
- Decrease insulin sensitivity
- Decrease lipolysis
- Decrease glycogenosyntesis
- Decrease incretin secretion
- Decrease muscular mass
- Decrease glucose uptake
- Decrease glycogen synthesis
- Decrease new protein synthesis
- Decrease osteocalcin
- Decrease beta cell function
- Decrease incretin effects on beta cells
15
Q
Effects of cortisol
A
- Increase in blood sugar
- Heightened memory & attention
- Increase in BP
- Suppresses the immune system
- Decrease sensitivity to pain
- Decrease serotonin