Midterm Review

Question 1

Exercise effect on pharmacokinetics absorption

Answer 1

• Oral: likely minor clinical significance
• IM, SQ, transdermal: may be increased, can be clinically significant

Question 2

INTRO - Timing of drug administration and effect of exercise, Volume of distribution, Beta blocker and epinephrine mechanisms

Question 3

Exercise effect on pharmacokinetics distribution

Answer 3

• Variable and depends on many factors: patient and drug

Question 4

Define volume of distribution

Answer 4

• The volume of distribution (Vd) is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing an individual drug’s propensity to either remain in the plasma or redistribute to other tissue compartments

Question 5

MOA of beta blockers

Answer 5

• Block beta1 receptors inhibiting increases in HR, contractility, and AV node conduction
• Is a beta1 receptor antagonist

Question 6

MOA of epinephrine

Answer 6

• Beta1 receptor agonist
• Increase HR, contractility, and AV node conduction

Question 7

Endocrine - Thyroid and Parathyroid hormone
Gluconeogenesis vs glycogenesis
Mineralocorticoids vs glucocorticoids
Effect of cortisol on glucose

Question 8

Describe thyroid hormone/disease

Answer 8

• Hypothalamus produces thyroid releasing hormone & goes to the pituitary gland
• Pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone & goes to the thyroid gland
• Thyroid gland produces T4 (preferred) and T3

Question 9

Describe gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

• The pathway by which glucose is formed form non-hexose precursors such as glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, & glycogenic amino acids

Question 10

Describe glycogenolysis

Answer 10

• The biochemical pathway in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose

Question 11

What are the 2 types of corticosteroids

Answer 11

• Glucocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids

Question 12

Describe glucocorticoids

Answer 12

• Gluco -> sugar, carbohydrates
• Affect intermediate carbohydrate metabolism
• Maximal release b/w 4-8am
• Stress -> 10 fold increase
• Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a major one

Question 13

Describe mienralocorticoids

Answer 13

• Mineral -> minerals in water; sodium & potassium
• Affect the water & electrolyte composition in the body
• Example: Aldosterone
• Increase sodium & water retention -> increased blood volume -> increased BP (HTN)

Question 14

Effects of cortisol on glucose

Answer 14

• Increased visceral obesity
• Increase low grade inflammation
• Increase leptin
• Increase protein catabolism
• Increase glycogenolysis
• Increase insulin resistance
• Decrease adiponectin
• Decrease insulin sensitivity
• Decrease lipolysis
• Decrease glycogenosyntesis
• Decrease incretin secretion
• Decrease muscular mass
• Decrease glucose uptake
• Decrease glycogen synthesis
• Decrease new protein synthesis
• Decrease osteocalcin
• Decrease beta cell function
• Decrease incretin effects on beta cells

Question 15

Effects of cortisol

Answer 15

• Increase in blood sugar
• Heightened memory & attention
• Increase in BP
• Suppresses the immune system
• Decrease sensitivity to pain
• Decrease serotonin

Question 16

Pain part 1 - NSAID effects on prostaglandins

Question 17

Pain part 2 - Antispasmodic vs Antispastic

Question 18

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