Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Relevance to physical therapy
A
- older populations
- polypharmacy (inappropriate use)
- noncompliance
- adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
- opioids
- communication
- hospital readmissions
- interactions with exercise
- rural health, in-home health
- electronic medical record (EMR) updates
- education
- scheduling of visits
2
Q
APTA roles & responsibility of a physical therapist
A
-patient management integrates an understanding of a pt’s prescription & nonprescription medication regimen with consideration of its impact on: health, function, movement, & disability
- it’s within our scope to administer & store medication to facilitate outcomes of PT patient management
3
Q
Define pharmacology
A
- the study of drugs
- very broad term
4
Q
Define pharmacotherapeutics
A
- use of drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose, a disease
5
Q
Define pharmacokinetics
A
- what the body does to the drug/how the body handles the drug
- ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
6
Q
Define pharmacodynamics
A
- what the drug does to the body
- effect of the drug
7
Q
Define toxicology
A
- study of harmful effects of chemicals/drugs
- not just a subspecialty of pharmacology
8
Q
Define pharmacogenetics
A
- genetic basis for drug responses
- area of great study & advancement
- “personalized medicine”
9
Q
Describe the drug approval process
A
- Preclinical testing: 1-2 yrs, lab animals, used to determine drug effects & safety
- Phase I: <1 yr, <100 healthy volunteers, determine effects, safe dosage, & pharmacokinetics
- Phase II: 2 yrs, 200-300 targeted patients with disorder, assess drug effectiveness in treating specific disease
- Phase III: 3 yrs, 1,000-3,000 targeted patients, assess safety & effectiveness in larger pt pop.
- Phase IV (postmarketing surveillance): indefinite, general pt pop., monitor any problems that occur after NDA approval
10
Q
Describe orphan drugs
A
- drugs for treatment of rare diseases: <200,00 people in US
- difficult research
- costly
- additional funding available
11
Q
Describe the different drug names
A
- Brand name: trade name, marketing/commercials, can always look this up (ex: Tylenol)
- Generic name: widely accepted (ex: acetaminophen)
- Chemical name: frequently associated with the structure, preclinical trials, generally long & cumbersome (ex: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP))
12
Q
Define pharmaceutical equivalents
A
- drug products that contain the same active ingredients & are identical in strength or concentration, dosage form, & route of administration
13
Q
Define bioequivalent
A
- rates & extents of bioavailability (F) of the active ingredient in the two products are not significantly different
14
Q
Describe over the counter (OTC)
A
- treat relatively minor problems
- safe for use without direct medical supervision
- low risk of toxicity
15
Q
Describe “behind the counter” medications
A
- have to speak to a pharmacist but could get without a prescription
- Examples: insulin, schedule V cough syrups, pseudoephedrine, emergency contraceptives
16
Q
Describe off-label prescribing
A
- use of a medication to treat a condition other than what it was originally approved to treat
- practitioners subjected to increased scrutiny if serious adverse effects
17
Q
Grading of controlled substances
A
- Schedule I: no current accepted medical use (LSD, heroin)
- Schedule II: high potential for abuse (oxycodone)
- Schedule III: some potential for abuse (<90mg of codeine with APAP)
- Schedule IV: lower potential for abuse (benzodiazepines)
- Schedule V: even less potential for abuse (cough preparations with codeine)
18
Q
Describe the parts of the Dose-Response Curve
A
- Threshold dose: minimum dose to elicit effect
- Ceiling effect: maximal effect (no more effect if take more)
19
Q
Define potency
A
- related to the dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
- the more potent drug requires a lower dose to produce the same effect
20
Q
Describe the therapeutic index
A
- Therapeutic index = toxic dose ÷ effective dose
- ED 50 = median effective dose at which 50% of pop responds to the drug
- TD 50 = median toxic dose at which 50% of the group exhibits the adverse effect
- LD 50 = median lethal dose that causes death in 50% of the pop (animals)
21
Q
Describe the differences between narrow vs wide therapeutic index
A
- Narrow: difference between effective & toxic doses is small
- the greater the TI (toxic index) the safer the drug
- close monitoring required for narrow therapeutic index drugs
- Examples: Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, & Tacrolimus
22
Q
What are the different routes of administration
A
- Enteral (into the GI tract): oral (sublingual = under tongue & buccal = in the cheek), rectal, or via tube
- Parenteral (other than GI tract): injection (intravenous/IV = into vein, intramuscular/IM = into muscle, intradermal/ID = into dermis, subcutaneous/SC/SQ = under the skin, intraperitoneal/IP = into the peritoneum, intrathecal = into the spine), inhalation, topical (local effect), or transdermal (systemic effect)
