Midterm Review Flashcards
Experiment
the step-by-step process of testing your hypothesis
Data
the information/results gathered while doing your experiment
Research
background information pertaining to your experiment from other sources
Question
the purpose of your experiment/what you are trying to find out
Conclusion
discussion, outcome of analysis of the results
Hypothesis
the prediction based on research. Always written as “If…Then…”
Independent Variable
what you are TESTING
Dependent Variable
what you are MEASURING
Control Group
used for COMPARISON. The independent variable is not applied
Constant Variable
other variables that must be kept THE SAME for all groups (experimental and control)
Line Graph
describes changes that occur in related variables. Used to show how a variable responds to changes in another
Bar Graph
uses scaled bar to show comparison between various measurements
Circle (pie) Graph
a divided circle where each “piece” represents a proportional fraction of the whole. Used to show how a part of something relates to the whole.
Placement of Variables on a Graph
Independent Variable always goes on the x-axis and the Dependent Variable always goes on the y-axis.
What are the 7 characteristics of Life?
Cellular organization
Chemicals
Use Energy
Growth
Development
Respond to Surroundings
Reproduction
What is spontaneous generation and why is it wrong?
Mistaken idea that living things come from non-living sources. Wrong because living things ONLY come from other LIVING things
What are the 4 things living things need to survive?
Food
Water
Living Space
Stable Internal Condition
What does classify mean?
Place in groups based on similarities
What are the 8 levels of classification (Broadest to Most Specific)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Who was Linnaeus?
Developed a naming system that grouped organisms on the basis of their observable features
What is binomial nomenclature?
Name of an organism consisting of its Genus and Species
What is a taxonomic Key?
Consists of paired statements about the characteristics of different organisms
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?
Protist
Fungi
Plantae
Animal - all members are ONLY multicellular and heterotrophs
What was Darwin’s contribution to CLASSIFICATION?
His theory of Evolution
Where does evidence for evolution come from?
Fossils
Body Structures
Early Development
DNA and protein structures
What is natural selection?
The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
How does natural selection lead to evolutoion?
Organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce and pass traits on to their offspring which eventually leads to a change in the overall population
Describe the 2 rates at which a species can change (evolve).
Gradualism - slowly but steady (Darwin)
Punctuated Equilibrium - rapid increase over short time (in insects and bacteria because their life cycles are shorter, and they reproduce quickly)
What is Hooke known for?
Identifying and naming cells
What type of cells did Leeuwenhoek observe?
Cells that were alive
What are specialized cells?
Cells that perform a specific function. Only found in MULTICELLULAR organisms.
How does an electron microscope work?
An electron beam creates an image
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (belongs to the group nucleic acids)
What is resolution?
The degree to which two separate structures that are close together can be distinguished in an image.
How does a compound microscope work?
Light radiates through two or more lenses to create the image
What are the 2 differences between passive transport (diffusion) and active transport?
- Passive transport (diffusion) does NOT require energy and Active transport DOES require energy
- In Passive Transport, materials move from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION, and in active transport, materials move from an area of LOW CONCENTRATION to an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION/
(PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT BOTH GO THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE)
What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
- All cells are produced from other cells
Know the Equation for photosynthesis and respiration (know the reactants and products for each)
Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light (energy) —> glucose + oxygen
Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, and light (energy)
Products: Glucose and Oxygen
Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
Reactants: lucose and Oxygen
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
Know the Equation for photosynthesis and respiration (know the reactants and products for each)
Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light (energy) —> glucose + oxygen
Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, and light (energy)
Products: Glucose and Oxygen
Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
Why is photosynthesis important for Heterotrophs?
Oxygen is released into the air and it creates food that they can eat.
What happens during respiration?
Glucose is broken down and releases energy (ATP)
What is the cell cycle?
The regular growth and division in cells
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Mitosis (4 phases)
Cytokinesis
What happens during each stage of the cell cycle?
Interphase - the cell swells and the DNA is replicated (copied)
Mitosis - the nucleus divides
Cytokinesis - the cell divided into 2 identical daughter cells
How does Carbon Dioxide enter plants?
Through the stomata
What forms around the chromatids during mitosis?
Two new nuclei
What is copied during replication?
The cell’s DNA
Describe each phase of mitosis (PMAT).
Prophase: DNA coils to form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down and centrioles from and move to opposite sides to attach to the chromosomes
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: chromosomes split into chromatids and move to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase: nuclear membrane forms around the chromatids (2 nuclei form)
Know the imaged for the phases of mitosis.
LOOK AT THE ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 37 TO SEE AND ANSWER THE PHOTOS
Identify the parts of a plant and animal cell.
LOOK AT THE ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 38 TO SEE THE PHOTOS. MATCH THE LETTER TO THE PART OF THE CELL.
