Midterm/Quiz 3 Flashcards
What is in-group bias?
the unconscious tendency to think that a person/group is part of having more of any desirable characteristic than competing groups
What is an example of in-group bias?
political parties, religious groups, sports teams, gender
T/F if you say something is better and give valid arguments it is not in-group bias
True
What is better-than-average bias?
the UT to rate oneself as above average (not the best, just above average) in relation to any desirable trait
What is an example of better-than-average bias?
Rating oneself based on athletic ability
What is negativity bias?
the ut to attach more weight to negative information than positive
What is an example of negativity bias?
Students who don’t want to put forth effort in class have a greater impact than the majority who did.
What is obedience to authority?
the ut to (1) assume that authorities have good reasons behind their orders and (2) to comply with those orders
What is an example of obedience to authority?
The Milgram experiment 1963
What was The Milgram experiment 1963
tested people about how they’d listen to authority even if it had severe consequences: 66% followed orders even though it was instructed to give a lethal dose of electricity
What are premise indicators?
-because
-since
- for
-in view of
-this is implied by
What are conclusion indicators?
-therefore
- thus
-hence
-this proves that
-this shows that
-this suggests that
-consequently
- so
-accordingly
-this implies that
What are the 2 types of arguments?
inductive
deductive
What is an inductive argument?
attempts to establish a conclusion as PROBABLE OR LIKELY
What is a deductive argument?
attempts to establish a conclusion with 100% CERTAINTY
What is a valid deductive argument?
an argument in which we assume the premises are true, then the conclusion MUST be true
What is an example of a valid deductive argument?
P1. prof. piper is the emperor of JMU
P2. the emperor of JMU drives a Porsche
C. prof. piper drives a Porsche
What is a SOUND argument?
a valid deductive argument whose premises are in fact true in the real world
T/F All sound arguments are valid deductive but not all valid deductive are sounds
True
Example of sound argument
P1: JMU is located in Harrisonburg VA
P2: Richmond is the capital of VA
C: JMU is not located in the capital of VA
What are the steps for determining the type of argument?
- put into premise conclusion form
- assume the premises are true
- ask the question; assuming those premises are true does the conclusion HAVE TO be true
- If yes it is a valid deductive, if further true in the real world then it is sound
- if no, it is an inductive argument
- you can then ask if the inductive argument is weak or strong
the very strongest inductive arguments are known as____
beyond a reasonable doubt
Examples of inductive arguments
P1. Joe is nervous
P2. Joe has a test tomorrow
C. joe is nervous because of his test tomorrow
T/F the strength of inductive arguments is not determined by length (number of premises)
True
Example of a strong inductive argument
P1. the DNA test indicates that it is 99.99999% likely that joe is bob’s biological father
C. joe is bob’s biological father
Example of a weak inductive argument
getting 100 yes and no answers about funding the military
What are the types of credibility?
content credibility
source credibility
What is content credibility?
the believability of WHAT is said
What is source credibility?
the believability of WHO is saying it
Ex. of source credibility
people, the media, texts, government, companies, research groups, churches, advertisers
What is an interested party?
anyone (person or group) who stands to gain (financially or otherwise) from successfully persuading of something
Ex. of interested parties
-corporations/ businesses
-media with political backgrounds (CNN, FOX NEWS)
- people working on commission
- campaigning politicians
2 types of credibility in the media
non advocacy media
advocacy media
What is non advocacy media
main concern is to present facts objectively
what is advocacy media
main concern is to push an agenda or ideology
What are the 3 types of ads?
logos
ethos
pathos
what is a logos ad?
gives info in support of a product; persuading with facts
what is an ethos ad?
associates celebrities with support for products, services, and candidates
what is a pathos ad?
try to persuade (for/against) something by stirring up emotions to create mental associations that will impact your consuming,voting, etc. behavior
