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Biology Honors > Midterm Prep > Flashcards

Midterm Prep Flashcards

Studying for Midterm

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1
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

Non-Living things in an environment

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2
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction of molecules to a different substance via a hydrogen bond

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3
Q

Aerobic

A

Relating to/involving Oxygen

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4
Q

Amino Acids

A

Essentials of the body that build muscles, prevent illnesses, and transport nutrients, among other things. They cannot naturally be made by the body and have to be consumed via other sources.

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5
Q

Anaerobic

A

Not Relating to/Requiring Oxygen

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6
Q

Animals

A

One of the six kingdoms. Animals are heterotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.

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7
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains. Archaea are single-celled organisms without nuclei. Their cell walls are chemically different from bacteria. Archaea are older than bacteria and can live in extreme environments. Archaea also has some rare types of lipids not commonly found elsewhere.

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8
Q

Archaebacteria

A

One of the six kingdoms. Most Archaebacteria are autotrophs and have prokaryotic cells.

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9
Q

ATP

A

An energy source used in cells. They are essential in multiple processes including the Calvin cycle.

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10
Q

Autotroph

A

A living thing that uses natural resources, i.e. sunlight, CO2, and water, to make its food.
Example: Plants are autotrophs because they use the process of photosynthesis (which uses natural resources like sunlight) to make their food and energy.)

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11
Q

Bacteria

A

One of three domains. They are made up of one biological cell and do not have a nucleus. Their cell walls are chemically different from archaea. They are younger than archaea and cannot live in extreme environments.

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12
Q

Benedicts Solution

A

A reagent that detects carbohydrates. A Red/Yellow/Green solution means a positive test, while a Blue test is negative.

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13
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Naming a species based on two levels of classification combined. For most species, this comes from the Genus and Species levels from Carl Linnaeus’s levels of classification
Example: A tiger’s Genus is Panthera and its Species is Tigra, making its scientific name Panthera Tigris.

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14
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The increase of a chemical in a single organism over time.
Example: Bioaccumulation can be seen through the increase of mercury in some species of fish, making them toxic to eat.

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15
Q

Biomagnification

A

The increase of a chemical in a single organism through it consuming other species with that chemical inside them.
Example: Biomagnification can be seen in predator fish when they eat fish that have bioaccumulated chemicals like mercury.

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

A culmination of all the ecosystems on earth

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17
Q

Biotic Factor

A

Living things in an environment

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18
Q

Biurets Solution

A

A reagent that detects proteins. A positive test is purple, while a negative test is blue.

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19
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

A cycle that can be divided into three parts: Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration. It is light-independent.
The cycle uses the energy source ATP and the reducing power of NADPH to produce sugars for the plant to use.
Its basically just photosynthesis.

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20
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance.
Example: A tissue is able to soak water up because of capillary action

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen. Carbohydrates are used in simple sugars and fast energy.

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22
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

To add carbon to a compound

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23
Q

Carnivore

A

An animal that only eats animals

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24
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The average population size for a species in a habitat.

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25
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell

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26
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
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27
Q

Cell Walls

A

Cell walls are unique to plant cells. They are more stable and stiff than the cell membrane, and help plants to grow straight up.

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28
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process of turning glucose into ATP energy. There are 3 main steps in this process: Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Basically C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2–>6CO2+H2O+Energy(ATP)

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29
Q

Cellulose

A

A complex carbohydrate. It is the main part of cell walls in plant cells.

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30
Q

Centromere

A

A pair of chromatids on the tips of chromosomes. They link a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.

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31
Q

Food Chain

A

A chain of animals who eat one another, starting with a plant and ending with an apex predator. Decomposers then complete this cycle as they decompose the apex predator for plants to use.

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32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the process in which hydrogen enters the ATP synthase in order to get back inside of the electron transport chain, creating ATP on the way there.

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33
Q

Chloroplast

A

Cells in plants use the chloroplast to make glucose for the plant.

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34
Q

Cladistics

A

A system of classification that classifies animals based on their most common, probable ancestory.

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35
Q

Cladogram

A

A diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms

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36
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction of molecules to the same molecule via a hydrogen bond

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37
Q

Commensalism

A

A relationship between two species where one benefits without harming the other.
Example: Birds usually make their nests in trees for their safety, which neither harms nor benefits the tree.

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38
Q

Community

A

A group of different living things that coexist with each other in a habitat

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39
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm gives support to cells by surrounding cell organelles. It’s a mixture of water, salts, & various organic molecules and has the consistency of eyeball fluids.

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40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cytoskeletons holds the organelles in place and help in organelle movement.

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41
Q

Denature/Denaturation

A

The process of modifying the molecular structure of a protein

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42
Q

Denitrification

A

the process of converting nitrate to nitrogen gas, mainly nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2)

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43
Q

Derived Characteristics

A

A trait that arose in the most recent ancestor of a lineage.
Example: A derived characteristic would be whiskers in the youngest generation of mice if whiskers are a new trait.

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44
Q

Describe the carbon cycle.

A

Atmospheric CO2 –> Photosynthesis –> Carbon enters soil via organic matter –> fossil fuel carbon –> Industries burn fossil fuels/human + animal respiration/deforestation/plant respiration –> Atmospheric CO2

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45
Q

Describe the nitrogen cycle.

A

Nitrogen fixation, nitrifying bacteria, Denitrification

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46
Q

Describe the water cycle.

A

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface water (infiltration), surface outflow

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47
Q

Detritus

A

Waste/debris

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48
Q

DNA

A

Adenine-Thymine Cytosine-Guanine. DNA is known as the “code” of the body, as it contains the instructions for species to develop, survive, and reproduce.
DNA is a double-helix connected by hydrogen bonds so that it can “un-fold” for mRNA to read and transport its data.
DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell, if a cell has one.

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49
Q

Ecosystem

A

A group of living and non-living things in a habitat interacting with each other

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50
Q

Electron Transport

A

Electrons are transported around a cell by NAD+ and FAD+ molecules. NAD+ carries 2 electrons, while FAD+ carries 1.

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51
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

electron carriers send hydrogen outside through the chain, lots of hydrogen builds up outside, it wants to go back inside

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52
Q

Electrons

A

particles with a negative electric charge. They are found in all atoms and are the primary carrier of electrons in solids.

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53
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) processes molecules and transports molecules to the cell. There are two types of ER: Rough and Smooth.

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54
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough)

A

Rough ER has ribosomes that produce proteins that get transported by the ER.

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55
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth)

A

Smooth ER works with detoxification and produces lipids.

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56
Q

Enzyme-Substrate-Complex (ESC)

A

A temporary molecule is formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate (the surface it lives on)

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57
Q

Enzymes

A

A substance produced by cells that act as a catalyst. All enzymes are proteins.

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58
Q

Eubacteria

A

One of the six kingdoms. Eubacteria are both autotrophs and heterotrophs and have prokaryotic cells.

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59
Q

Eukarya

A

One of the three domains. Eukarya are multi-cellular organisms with eukaryotic cells. Eukarya includes us and all other animals except for single-celled organisms without nuclei.

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60
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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61
Q

Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.

A

New information about that organism

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62
Q

Fatty Acids

A

A component of lipids that act as energy sources and membrane constituents.

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63
Q

Fungi

A

One of the six kingdoms. Fungi are heterotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.

64
Q

Kingdom

A

The second highest rank in Carl Linnaeus’s 7 levels of classification, is under Domain. Kingdom is split into six parts:
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Archaebacteria
4. Fungi
5. Eubacteria
6. Protista

65
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first part of three in cellular respiration. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell and is anaerobic. It breaks down glucose into a more useful form known as pyruvate, also gaining 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

66
Q

Golgi Body

A

The Golgi Body (AKA Golgi Apparatus) is where proteins are packaged, modified, and sorted.

67
Q

Habitat

A

An environment that a living thing lives in.
Example: A pigeon’s habitat is a city.

68
Q

Heat Capacity (of water)

A

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance by one degree. Water has the highest heat capacity of any liquid, requiring 4,184 Joules of heat (1 calorie) to increase the water temperature by one-degree celsius.

69
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that only eats plants

70
Q

Heterotroph

A

A living thing that does not make its food, and instead relies on other living things for food.
Example: Humans, Cows, and even fungi are heterotrophs because they use other living things for nutrients rather than making their own

71
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

a weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an oxygen atom of another molecule

72
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water.
Example: Vinegar is hydrophilic because it can combine/mix with water.

73
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Not attracted to water.
Example: oil is a hydrophobic substance because it can’t combine/mix with water.

74
Q

Hypertonic

A

When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has fewer solutes than its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane out of the thing.

75
Q

Hypotonic

A

When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has more solutes than its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane into the thing.

76
Q

Identify and understand the key characteristics of the 4 biomolecules (macros)

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

77
Q

Identify and understand the properties of water demonstrated in class.

A

rate it 1-5 as a personal benchmark for YOU

78
Q

Identify what makes a cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

79
Q

Identify/understand the functions of eukaryotic cell organelles

A

Rate YOUR understanding of this out if ten

80
Q

Isotonic

A

When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has the same amount of solutes as its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane at equal rates in and out of the item.

81
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species essential to its ecosystem.
Example: The gopher tortoise is a keystone species in Florida because they dig burrows for over 350 different species of animals

82
Q

Know how organisms are classified based on evolutionary relationships.

A

Animals are calssified by their genus and species, which are based on evolutionary and genetic similarities

83
Q

Know the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.

A

Rate how YOU feel about this from 1 - 5

84
Q

Know the products and significance of the products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

CR products: carbon dioxide, ATP
Photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen
We breathe oxygen and eat glucose, plants use our carbon dioxide and our cells use ATP

85
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

The Citric Acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is the second of three steps for cellular respiration. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria’s mitochondrial matrix and is aerobic. In the mitochondrial matrix, two Acetyl COA are inputted into the cell, and the output is two ATP, 6 NADH, and two FADH2.

86
Q

Light Dependent

A

Light-Dependent Reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
Example: The Thylakoid Membrane is a light-dependent function for photosynthesis.

87
Q

Limiting Factors

A

A factor in a species’s environment that prevents it from growing.
Example: The existence of predators like foxes or hawks can be limiting factors to a rabbit population.

88
Q

Lipids

A

Carbon-Hydrogen. Lipids are used for long-term energy storage in the form of fats, oils, waxes, etc. There are several types of lipids, including saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.

89
Q

Lysosome

A

The digestive system of the cell. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts with enzymes. If a cell part cannot be fixed, the lysosome can help it self-destruct via apoptosis

90
Q

Membrane-Bound Organelles

A

Organelles that are only available in eukaryotic cells.

91
Q

Mitochondria

A

The mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP via cellular respiration and run on glucose.

92
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that works as a building block, combining with other monomers to make polymers.
Example: Glucose acts as a monomer in bread.

93
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugars, like glucose

94
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. They are genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins.

95
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two species where both benefit from the relationship.
Example: Bees feed off the nectar and pollen of flowers, and in return, the bees help pollinate the flowers allowing them to reproduce.

96
Q

NADH

A

A chemical compound that acts as an energy carrier, and transfers electrons from one reaction to another.

97
Q

NADPH

A

A chemical compound used as a reducing power in the Calvin Cycle. Similar to NADH, NADPH can carry elections from one reaction to another, with the benefit of carrying one more.

98
Q

Niche

A

The role that a specific species has in an environment.
Example: Grass’s niche in most environments is as a basic food source for most living things that eat plants.

99
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

To add nitrogen to a compound

100
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen-Phosphorus. Nucleic Acids store and transmit nutrients in the body. They are governed by four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, & Guanine.

101
Q

Nucleolus

A

A spherical structure inside a nucleus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes.

102
Q

Nucleotides

A

Any member of a class of organic compounds made up of three subunits: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

103
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus holds DNA in eukaryotes and has a nucleolus which produces ribosomes

104
Q

Omnivore

A

An animal that eats plants and animals

105
Q

Organelles

A

Special subunits in the eukaryotic cell, including the:
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth)

106
Q

Organism

A

An individual living thing

107
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship between two species where one benefits at the expense of the other.
Example: A leech sucks the blood out of another animal to get its nutrients while harming the species it’s attached to with blood loss and diseases.

108
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids

109
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process used by plants to turn sunlight into energy in the form of glucose via chrorophyll. Plants get help with photosynthesis via the chloroplasts in their plant cells. Basically CO2+H2O+Energy–>C6H12O6(Glucose)+CO2

110
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A branching diagram/tree that shows the evolutionary relationships among different species.

111
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary history and the genetic relationships among different species.

112
Q

Plants

A

One of the six kingdoms. Plants are autotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.

113
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

An unequal sharing of valence electrons.
Example: Water (H2O) has a polar covalent bond because oxygen is a negatively charged molecule and hydrogen is a positively charged molecule.

114
Q

Polarity

A

The electric charge of a molecule

115
Q

Polymer

A

Any class of substances composed of monomers. Polymers make up most of the materials in living organisms.

116
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate made of monosaccharides

117
Q

Population

A

The total number of a particular species that live in an ecosystem.
Example: The population of gopher tortoises in Florida is near 40,000

118
Q

Predict where water will go through a semipermeable membrane (basically just understand hyper, hypo, and iso)

A

hyper - loss
hypo - gain
iso - no net change

119
Q

Primary Consumer

A

An animal that eats producers. Herbivores fall into this category because they only eat plants, which are producers.
Examples: Rabbits, Bees and Cows

120
Q

Producer

A

A living thing at the bottom of a food chain/web. they are plants/bacteria that feed off sunlight and get eaten by other living thingss.

121
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

122
Q

Proteins

A

Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen. Proteins are essential in getting amino acids people cannot normally produce.

123
Q

Protists

A

One of the six kingdoms. Protists are autotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.

124
Q

Reactions

A

What happens when you add a reactant and get a product

125
Q

Reagents

A

A substance used to detect a chemical/molecule in another substance.
Example: Benedict’s Solution is the reagent used to detect carbohydrates.

126
Q

Reject/Acceptance of original hypothesis

A

conclusion

127
Q

Ribosome

A

Ribosomes perform protein synthesis for the cell.

128
Q

RNA

A

Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine. A molecule that turns genetic information into proteins.

129
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

An animal that may eat producers but also eats primary consumers and even other secondary consumers. Most omnivores and carnivores fall into this category.
Examples: Monkeys, Frogs, and Spiders

130
Q

Semipermeable Membrane

A

A biological membrane that water can move through (water wants to follow the higher percent of solute)

131
Q

Solute

A

Something that is dissolved in a liquid. Example: Sugar, Salt, Kool-Aid Powder

132
Q

Solvent

A

Something that dissolves a solute. Example: Water, Milk, Soda

133
Q

Domain

A

The highest rank in Carl Linnaeus’s 7 levels of classification, is above kingdom. Domain is split into three parts:
1. Archaea
2. Eukarya
3. Bacteria

134
Q

Specific Heat (of water)

A

the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. The specific heat of water is 4.1 Joules (1 calorie)

135
Q

Starch

A

A polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers

136
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Ask a question
  3. Develop a Hypothesis
  4. Design an experiment
  5. Analyze your results
  6. Draw a conclusion
  7. Communicate results
137
Q

Stimulus & Response

A

A stimulus is an item/event that invokes a response/reaction from an organism

138
Q

Sudan IV

A

A reagent that detects lipids. A positive test leaves a red meniscus, while a negative test has no meniscus.

139
Q

Surface Tension

A

A force that results from cohesion that allows for light objects to rest on top of water.
Example: water bugs use surface tension to float on water.

140
Q

Taxon

A

A single part of a level of classification.
Example: Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi are all taxons in the level Kingdom for Carl Linnaeus’s levels of classification.

141
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of naming and classifying living things.

142
Q

Tertiary Consumer (Apex)

A

An animal with almost the same diet as the secondary consumers, with one main difference: They have no known predators that eat them.
Examples: Big Cats, Sharks, and Humans

143
Q

Understand the significance of cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
    Cells form the basis of all life
144
Q

Understand the steps and significance of cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
    Cellular respiration allows cells to get the energy that they need (ATP) in order to function properly.

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy (Sunlight) —>
Glucose + O2
Photosynthesis is significant because it is the main way that autotrophs like plants and bacteria can get their energy along with processing harmful CO2 into O2

145
Q

Universal Solvent

A

A liquid that can dissolve anything. Example: Water

146
Q

Use the percent difference equation as a data analysis tool.

A

(New - Old)/Old) or (Final-Initial)/Initial)

147
Q

Vacuole

A

The storage unit of the cell. They remove & store waste produced after cells break down, remove & store harmful & foreign products in the cell, and store nutrients such as lipids, proteins, and carbs

148
Q

Valance

A

Electrons in the outermost energy level

149
Q

Valence Electrons

A

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

150
Q

What are the different forms of human impact and how are they negatively affecting our environment?

A

Burning of fossil fuels, respiration, deforestation, overhunting/fishing.
They can negatively impact chemical balances and cycles causing species to become endangered/extinct.

151
Q

What are the different types of interactions between organisms and what are their significance?

A

Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
Mutually significant relationships allow species to interact more and for their populations to increase. Negative relationships can cause adaptations to avoid said interactions and for a species’ population to decrease as one prospers.

152
Q

What factors affect population growth?

A

Prey, Predators, Environment

153
Q

What factors determine the ecology of different biomes?

A
154
Q

What happens when nutrient cycles do not function properly?

A
155
Q

What is the ecological significance of the food web?

A
156
Q

What makes something “living” or not?

A

Cells, gas exchange, develops, reproduces, eats, provides waste, adaptation, DNA

Biology Honors (4 decks)

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