Midterm Prep Flashcards
Studying for Midterm
1
Q
Abiotic Factor
A
Non-Living things in an environment
2
Q
Adhesion
A
Attraction of molecules to a different substance via a hydrogen bond
3
Q
Aerobic
A
Relating to/involving Oxygen
4
Q
Amino Acids
A
Essentials of the body that build muscles, prevent illnesses, and transport nutrients, among other things. They cannot naturally be made by the body and have to be consumed via other sources.
5
Q
Anaerobic
A
Not Relating to/Requiring Oxygen
6
Q
Animals
A
One of the six kingdoms. Animals are heterotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.
7
Q
Archaea
A
One of the three domains. Archaea are single-celled organisms without nuclei. Their cell walls are chemically different from bacteria. Archaea are older than bacteria and can live in extreme environments. Archaea also has some rare types of lipids not commonly found elsewhere.
8
Q
Archaebacteria
A
One of the six kingdoms. Most Archaebacteria are autotrophs and have prokaryotic cells.
9
Q
ATP
A
An energy source used in cells. They are essential in multiple processes including the Calvin cycle.
10
Q
Autotroph
A
A living thing that uses natural resources, i.e. sunlight, CO2, and water, to make its food.
Example: Plants are autotrophs because they use the process of photosynthesis (which uses natural resources like sunlight) to make their food and energy.)
11
Q
Bacteria
A
One of three domains. They are made up of one biological cell and do not have a nucleus. Their cell walls are chemically different from archaea. They are younger than archaea and cannot live in extreme environments.
12
Q
Benedicts Solution
A
A reagent that detects carbohydrates. A Red/Yellow/Green solution means a positive test, while a Blue test is negative.
13
Q
Binomial Nomenclature
A
Naming a species based on two levels of classification combined. For most species, this comes from the Genus and Species levels from Carl Linnaeus’s levels of classification
Example: A tiger’s Genus is Panthera and its Species is Tigra, making its scientific name Panthera Tigris.
14
Q
Bioaccumulation
A
The increase of a chemical in a single organism over time.
Example: Bioaccumulation can be seen through the increase of mercury in some species of fish, making them toxic to eat.
15
Q
Biomagnification
A
The increase of a chemical in a single organism through it consuming other species with that chemical inside them.
Example: Biomagnification can be seen in predator fish when they eat fish that have bioaccumulated chemicals like mercury.
16
Q
Biosphere
A
A culmination of all the ecosystems on earth
17
Q
Biotic Factor
A
Living things in an environment
18
Q
Biurets Solution
A
A reagent that detects proteins. A positive test is purple, while a negative test is blue.
19
Q
Calvin Cycle
A
A cycle that can be divided into three parts: Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration. It is light-independent.
The cycle uses the energy source ATP and the reducing power of NADPH to produce sugars for the plant to use.
Its basically just photosynthesis.
20
Q
Capillary Action
A
The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance.
Example: A tissue is able to soak water up because of capillary action
21
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen. Carbohydrates are used in simple sugars and fast energy.
22
Q
Carbon Fixation
A
To add carbon to a compound
23
Q
Carnivore
A
An animal that only eats animals
24
Q
Carrying Capacity
A
The average population size for a species in a habitat.
25
Cell Membrane
The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell
26
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
27
Cell Walls
Cell walls are unique to plant cells. They are more stable and stiff than the cell membrane, and help plants to grow straight up.
28
Cellular Respiration
The process of turning glucose into ATP energy. There are 3 main steps in this process: Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Basically C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2-->6CO2+H2O+Energy(ATP)
29
Cellulose
A complex carbohydrate. It is the main part of cell walls in plant cells.
30
Centromere
A pair of chromatids on the tips of chromosomes. They link a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division.
31
Food Chain
A chain of animals who eat one another, starting with a plant and ending with an apex predator. Decomposers then complete this cycle as they decompose the apex predator for plants to use.
32
Chemiosmosis
the process in which hydrogen enters the ATP synthase in order to get back inside of the electron transport chain, creating ATP on the way there.
33
Chloroplast
Cells in plants use the chloroplast to make glucose for the plant.
34
Cladistics
A system of classification that classifies animals based on their most common, probable ancestory.
35
Cladogram
A diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms
36
Cohesion
Attraction of molecules to the same molecule via a hydrogen bond
37
Commensalism
A relationship between two species where one benefits without harming the other.
Example: Birds usually make their nests in trees for their safety, which neither harms nor benefits the tree.
38
Community
A group of different living things that coexist with each other in a habitat
39
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm gives support to cells by surrounding cell organelles. It's a mixture of water, salts, & various organic molecules and has the consistency of eyeball fluids.
40
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeletons holds the organelles in place and help in organelle movement.
41
Denature/Denaturation
The process of modifying the molecular structure of a protein
42
Denitrification
the process of converting nitrate to nitrogen gas, mainly nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2)
43
Derived Characteristics
A trait that arose in the most recent ancestor of a lineage.
Example: A derived characteristic would be whiskers in the youngest generation of mice if whiskers are a new trait.
44
Describe the carbon cycle.
Atmospheric CO2 --> Photosynthesis --> Carbon enters soil via organic matter --> fossil fuel carbon --> Industries burn fossil fuels/human + animal respiration/deforestation/plant respiration --> Atmospheric CO2
45
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen fixation, nitrifying bacteria, Denitrification
46
Describe the water cycle.
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface water (infiltration), surface outflow
47
Detritus
Waste/debris
48
DNA
Adenine-Thymine Cytosine-Guanine. DNA is known as the "code" of the body, as it contains the instructions for species to develop, survive, and reproduce.
DNA is a double-helix connected by hydrogen bonds so that it can "un-fold" for mRNA to read and transport its data.
DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell, if a cell has one.
49
Ecosystem
A group of living and non-living things in a habitat interacting with each other
50
Electron Transport
Electrons are transported around a cell by NAD+ and FAD+ molecules. NAD+ carries 2 electrons, while FAD+ carries 1.
51
Electron Transport Chain
electron carriers send hydrogen outside through the chain, lots of hydrogen builds up outside, it wants to go back inside
52
Electrons
particles with a negative electric charge. They are found in all atoms and are the primary carrier of electrons in solids.
53
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) processes molecules and transports molecules to the cell. There are two types of ER: Rough and Smooth.
54
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough)
Rough ER has ribosomes that produce proteins that get transported by the ER.
55
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth)
Smooth ER works with detoxification and produces lipids.
56
Enzyme-Substrate-Complex (ESC)
A temporary molecule is formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate (the surface it lives on)
57
Enzymes
A substance produced by cells that act as a catalyst. All enzymes are proteins.
58
Eubacteria
One of the six kingdoms. Eubacteria are both autotrophs and heterotrophs and have prokaryotic cells.
59
Eukarya
One of the three domains. Eukarya are multi-cellular organisms with eukaryotic cells. Eukarya includes us and all other animals except for single-celled organisms without nuclei.
60
Eukaryote
Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
61
Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.
New information about that organism
62
Fatty Acids
A component of lipids that act as energy sources and membrane constituents.
63
Fungi
One of the six kingdoms. Fungi are heterotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.
64
Kingdom
The second highest rank in Carl Linnaeus's 7 levels of classification, is under Domain. Kingdom is split into six parts:
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Archaebacteria
4. Fungi
5. Eubacteria
6. Protista
65
Glycolysis
The first part of three in cellular respiration. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell and is anaerobic. It breaks down glucose into a more useful form known as pyruvate, also gaining 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
66
Golgi Body
The Golgi Body (AKA Golgi Apparatus) is where proteins are packaged, modified, and sorted.
67
Habitat
An environment that a living thing lives in.
Example: A pigeon's habitat is a city.
68
Heat Capacity (of water)
The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance by one degree. Water has the highest heat capacity of any liquid, requiring 4,184 Joules of heat (1 calorie) to increase the water temperature by one-degree celsius.
69
Herbivore
An animal that only eats plants
70
Heterotroph
A living thing that does not make its food, and instead relies on other living things for food.
Example: Humans, Cows, and even fungi are heterotrophs because they use other living things for nutrients rather than making their own
71
Hydrogen Bonds
a weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an oxygen atom of another molecule
72
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
Example: Vinegar is hydrophilic because it can combine/mix with water.
73
Hydrophobic
Not attracted to water.
Example: oil is a hydrophobic substance because it can't combine/mix with water.
74
Hypertonic
When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has fewer solutes than its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane out of the thing.
75
Hypotonic
When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has more solutes than its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane into the thing.
76
Identify and understand the key characteristics of the 4 biomolecules (macros)
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
77
Identify and understand the properties of water demonstrated in class.
rate it 1-5 as a personal benchmark for YOU
78
Identify what makes a cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
79
Identify/understand the functions of eukaryotic cell organelles
Rate YOUR understanding of this out if ten
80
Isotonic
When a thing with a semipermeable membrane has the same amount of solutes as its surroundings, it causes water to pass through the semipermeable membrane at equal rates in and out of the item.
81
Keystone Species
A species essential to its ecosystem.
Example: The gopher tortoise is a keystone species in Florida because they dig burrows for over 350 different species of animals
82
Know how organisms are classified based on evolutionary relationships.
Animals are calssified by their genus and species, which are based on evolutionary and genetic similarities
83
Know the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.
Rate how YOU feel about this from 1 - 5
84
Know the products and significance of the products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
CR products: carbon dioxide, ATP
Photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen
We breathe oxygen and eat glucose, plants use our carbon dioxide and our cells use ATP
85
Citric Acid Cycle
The Citric Acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is the second of three steps for cellular respiration. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria's mitochondrial matrix and is aerobic. In the mitochondrial matrix, two Acetyl COA are inputted into the cell, and the output is two ATP, 6 NADH, and two FADH2.
86
Light Dependent
Light-Dependent Reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
Example: The Thylakoid Membrane is a light-dependent function for photosynthesis.
87
Limiting Factors
A factor in a species's environment that prevents it from growing.
Example: The existence of predators like foxes or hawks can be limiting factors to a rabbit population.
88
Lipids
Carbon-Hydrogen. Lipids are used for long-term energy storage in the form of fats, oils, waxes, etc. There are several types of lipids, including saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.
89
Lysosome
The digestive system of the cell. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts with enzymes. If a cell part cannot be fixed, the lysosome can help it self-destruct via apoptosis
90
Membrane-Bound Organelles
Organelles that are only available in eukaryotic cells.
91
Mitochondria
The mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP via cellular respiration and run on glucose.
92
Monomer
A molecule that works as a building block, combining with other monomers to make polymers.
Example: Glucose acts as a monomer in bread.
93
Monosaccharide
Simple sugars, like glucose
94
mRNA
Messenger RNA. They are genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins.
95
Mutualism
A relationship between two species where both benefit from the relationship.
Example: Bees feed off the nectar and pollen of flowers, and in return, the bees help pollinate the flowers allowing them to reproduce.
96
NADH
A chemical compound that acts as an energy carrier, and transfers electrons from one reaction to another.
97
NADPH
A chemical compound used as a reducing power in the Calvin Cycle. Similar to NADH, NADPH can carry elections from one reaction to another, with the benefit of carrying one more.
98
Niche
The role that a specific species has in an environment.
Example: Grass's niche in most environments is as a basic food source for most living things that eat plants.
99
Nitrogen Fixation
To add nitrogen to a compound
100
Nucleic Acids
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen-Phosphorus. Nucleic Acids store and transmit nutrients in the body. They are governed by four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, & Guanine.
101
Nucleolus
A spherical structure inside a nucleus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes.
102
Nucleotides
Any member of a class of organic compounds made up of three subunits: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
103
Nucleus
The nucleus holds DNA in eukaryotes and has a nucleolus which produces ribosomes
104
Omnivore
An animal that eats plants and animals
105
Organelles
Special subunits in the eukaryotic cell, including the:
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth)
106
Organism
An individual living thing
107
Parasitism
A relationship between two species where one benefits at the expense of the other.
Example: A leech sucks the blood out of another animal to get its nutrients while harming the species it's attached to with blood loss and diseases.
108
Peptide Bond
A covalent bond formed between two amino acids
109
Photosynthesis
The process used by plants to turn sunlight into energy in the form of glucose via chrorophyll. Plants get help with photosynthesis via the chloroplasts in their plant cells. Basically CO2+H2O+Energy-->C6H12O6(Glucose)+CO2
110
Phylogenetic Tree
A branching diagram/tree that shows the evolutionary relationships among different species.
111
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary history and the genetic relationships among different species.
112
Plants
One of the six kingdoms. Plants are autotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.
113
Polar Covalent Bonds
An unequal sharing of valence electrons.
Example: Water (H2O) has a polar covalent bond because oxygen is a negatively charged molecule and hydrogen is a positively charged molecule.
114
Polarity
The electric charge of a molecule
115
Polymer
Any class of substances composed of monomers. Polymers make up most of the materials in living organisms.
116
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate made of monosaccharides
117
Population
The total number of a particular species that live in an ecosystem.
Example: The population of gopher tortoises in Florida is near 40,000
118
Predict where water will go through a semipermeable membrane (basically just understand hyper, hypo, and iso)
hyper - loss
hypo - gain
iso - no net change
119
Primary Consumer
An animal that eats producers. Herbivores fall into this category because they only eat plants, which are producers.
Examples: Rabbits, Bees and Cows
120
Producer
A living thing at the bottom of a food chain/web. they are plants/bacteria that feed off sunlight and get eaten by other living thingss.
121
Prokaryote
Cells that don't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
122
Proteins
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen. Proteins are essential in getting amino acids people cannot normally produce.
123
Protists
One of the six kingdoms. Protists are autotrophs and have eukaryotic cells.
124
Reactions
What happens when you add a reactant and get a product
125
Reagents
A substance used to detect a chemical/molecule in another substance.
Example: Benedict's Solution is the reagent used to detect carbohydrates.
126
Reject/Acceptance of original hypothesis
conclusion
127
Ribosome
Ribosomes perform protein synthesis for the cell.
128
RNA
Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine. A molecule that turns genetic information into proteins.
129
Secondary Consumer
An animal that may eat producers but also eats primary consumers and even other secondary consumers. Most omnivores and carnivores fall into this category.
Examples: Monkeys, Frogs, and Spiders
130
Semipermeable Membrane
A biological membrane that water can move through (water wants to follow the higher percent of solute)
131
Solute
Something that is dissolved in a liquid. Example: Sugar, Salt, Kool-Aid Powder
132
Solvent
Something that dissolves a solute. Example: Water, Milk, Soda
133
Domain
The highest rank in Carl Linnaeus's 7 levels of classification, is above kingdom. Domain is split into three parts:
1. Archaea
2. Eukarya
3. Bacteria
134
Specific Heat (of water)
the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. The specific heat of water is 4.1 Joules (1 calorie)
135
Starch
A polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers
136
Steps of the Scientific Method
0. Make an observation
1. Ask a question
2. Develop a Hypothesis
3. Design an experiment
4. Analyze your results
5. Draw a conclusion
6. Communicate results
137
Stimulus & Response
A stimulus is an item/event that invokes a response/reaction from an organism
138
Sudan IV
A reagent that detects lipids. A positive test leaves a red meniscus, while a negative test has no meniscus.
139
Surface Tension
A force that results from cohesion that allows for light objects to rest on top of water.
Example: water bugs use surface tension to float on water.
140
Taxon
A single part of a level of classification.
Example: Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi are all taxons in the level Kingdom for Carl Linnaeus's levels of classification.
141
Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying living things.
142
Tertiary Consumer (Apex)
An animal with almost the same diet as the secondary consumers, with one main difference: They have no known predators that eat them.
Examples: Big Cats, Sharks, and Humans
143
Understand the significance of cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells form the basis of all life
144
Understand the steps and significance of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cellular respiration allows cells to get the energy that they need (ATP) in order to function properly.
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy (Sunlight) --->
Glucose + O2
Photosynthesis is significant because it is the main way that autotrophs like plants and bacteria can get their energy along with processing harmful CO2 into O2
145
Universal Solvent
A liquid that can dissolve anything. Example: Water
146
Use the percent difference equation as a data analysis tool.
(New - Old)/Old) or (Final-Initial)/Initial)
147
Vacuole
The storage unit of the cell. They remove & store waste produced after cells break down, remove & store harmful & foreign products in the cell, and store nutrients such as lipids, proteins, and carbs
148
Valance
Electrons in the outermost energy level
149
Valence Electrons
electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
150
What are the different forms of human impact and how are they negatively affecting our environment?
Burning of fossil fuels, respiration, deforestation, overhunting/fishing.
They can negatively impact chemical balances and cycles causing species to become endangered/extinct.
151
What are the different types of interactions between organisms and what are their significance?
Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
Mutually significant relationships allow species to interact more and for their populations to increase. Negative relationships can cause adaptations to avoid said interactions and for a species' population to decrease as one prospers.
152
What factors affect population growth?
Prey, Predators, Environment
153
What factors determine the ecology of different biomes?
154
What happens when nutrient cycles do not function properly?
155
What is the ecological significance of the food web?
156
What makes something "living" or not?
Cells, gas exchange, develops, reproduces, eats, provides waste, adaptation, DNA
