midterm part 1 Flashcards
list the different stages of wilson’s cycle with examples
Stage 1: Embryonic - East African Rift Valley
Stage 2: Juvenile - Red Sea
Stage 3: Mature - Atlantic & Arctic Ocean
Stage 4: Declining - Pacific Ocean
Stage 5: Terminal - Mediterranean Sea
Stage 6: Suturing - Himalayas
What is a rift valley?
formed by the interaction of earth’s tectonic plates
Magma rises into the crustal fractures forming rift valley
What are the types of convergent boundaries between crusts?
- Ocean / continent convergence: the oceanic plate subducts
- Ocean / ocean convergence: the older cooler denser plate subducts
- Continent / continent convergence: Both uplift
What are the differences between continental and oceanic crust?
- The continental crust is made mostly of rocks with a composition similar to granite
- The oceanic crust is made mostly of rocks with a composition of basalt
What is earth’s chemical layer made up of?
crust -> upper mantle -> transition zone -> lower mantle -> outer core -> inner core.
- Oceanic crust: (Basalt: Oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) - Continental crust: (Granite: Oxygen, silicon and aluminium) - Mantle (Oxygen, iron, magnesium and silicon) 68% Earth´s mass – 83 % Earth´s volume - Core (Iron and nickel)
What is earth’s physical layer made up of?
Lithosphere -> Asthenosphere -> Mesosphere -> Fluid -> Solid
- lithosphere (rigid),
- asthenosphere (melted, flowing),
- lower mantle (not melted, slow flow),
- outercore (viscous liquid)
- inner core (solid).
In which direction does the core of the Earth rotates?
inner: eastward
outer: westward
What are mantle plumes?
Continent-sized columns of superheated mantle
What is currently lifting all of Africa, fracturing the center of the continent?
A superplume
How is a line of islands formed?
Hot spots form straight chains of volcanoes and volcanic islands (Hawaii)
Explain the tectonic plates theory
suggests that Earth´s
surface is not static.
The theory states that the Earth’s solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and continental plates come together, spread apart, and interact at boundaries all over the planet
Explain the seafloor spreading theory
a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
Explain the continental drift theory
Was proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912)
• States that originally there was a single
supercontinent: Pangaea, surrounded by an
ocean called Panthalassa
• And that Pangea was broken into pieces 200 million years ago and pieces are still moving
Which one is denser the continental or the oceanic crust?
oceanic
What is paleomagnetism?
When magma forms oceanic plates, magnetite aligns with Earth´s magnetic
field and “freezes”
when rocks solidify “capturing” the magnetic field orientation of Earth in
that moment
What protects the earth from radiation? and how does the Earth have a magnetic field?
Rotation of the metallic core produces a magnetic field.
The magnetic field of the Earth protect us from radiation
caused by the movement of molten
metal in outer core
what are Terranes?
buoyant plateaus,
isolated segments of seafloor,
ocean ridges,
ancient island arcs,
and parts of continental crust squeezed into continent face when the plate is subducted
What are the types of plumes?
Mantle plumes = Continent-sized columns of superheated mantle
• A Superplume is now lifting all of Africa, fracturing the center of the
continent (i.e. East African Rift)
• Hot spots = Surface expressions of plumes rising from stationary sources of
heat in the mantle
What are the different steps of the scientific method?
observation, question, hypothesis, test, analysis, conclusion
What percentage of Earth´s surface water is salty?
97.5
How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion yrs
What protects the earth from radiation?
Rotation of the metallic core produces a magnetic field. The magnetic
field of the Earth protect us from radiation
Why are stars relevant to the formation of the ocean?
Most of Earth’s, sea and human beings atoms were formed within stars billions of years
ago
What percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water?
71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water
How did the oceans become salty?
Water vapor formed clouds and rain dissolved minerals, accumulating salty water
What is the name of the oldest Fossils and where can they be found?
Stromatolites, Australia