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UBC PSYC 300 > Midterm One > Flashcards

Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal?

A

No clear definition
Something individuals see as not normal
Differs based on culture

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2
Q

What are the 5 elements of abnormality and what do they mean?

A

Subjective distress: psychological suffering
Maladaptiveness: impairment in important areas of life
Violation of social norms: acting outside of cultural standards
Irrationality or unpredictability: unexpected response to stressors
Dangerousness: Danger to self or others
*No element is sufficient to define and determine abnormality

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3
Q

How do we classify abnormality in the US and Canada?

A

DSM-5
*Classifies disorders not people

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4
Q

How does the DSM-5 classify mental disorder?

A

Psychological disorder
Biological, psychological or developmental dysfunction
Problem in behaviour, emotion regulation, or cognitive function
Distress or disability

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5
Q

Why do we classify?

A

Structure information to:
Comunicate findings
Organize meaningfully
Facilitate research
Define what counts as abnormal

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6
Q

Disadvantages of classification

A

Social implications (rehabilitation vs confinement)
Stigma (people are treated differently)

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7
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of active cases in a given period of time, expressed as a percent

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8
Q

Why do we research?

A

To avoid misconception and error
Adopt scientific attitude and approach to the study of abnormal behaviour
Distinguish between what’s observable vs hypothetical or inferred

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9
Q

Sources of information (types of research)

A

Case study
Direct observation
Self-report
Implicit behaviour

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10
Q

What is an observational research design?

A

Study things as they are
Excellent way to determine correlation

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11
Q

What does experimental research involve?

A

Manipulation of an independent variable to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable
Can determine causation

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12
Q

What is the case study method?

A

Uses unique, individual cases to make causal inferences

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13
Q

What is etiology?

A

the cause of a disease or abnormal condition

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14
Q

What does somatogenic believe?

A

Originating in, affecting, or acting through the body
Biological basis
Physical (somatic) problem → thoughts and behavior problems → physical treatment

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15
Q

What does psychogenic mean?

A

Mental illness is due to a psychological malfunction
Psychodynamic

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16
Q

Define paradigm

A

A viewpoint/set of assumptions about how to understand, study, and treat psychological disorders
The way we look at things and how we interpret them

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17
Q

What are the 5 circles in First Nations Wellness

A

Self responsibility (human being)
Balance
Respect, wisdom, responsibility, relationships
Land, community, family nations
Social, environmental, cultural, economic
People

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18
Q

Define self responsibility (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

The centre, where we take responsibility for ourselves and own wellness

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19
Q

Define balance (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

Biopsychosocial
Balance between emotional, physical, spiritual, and mental wellness is necessary

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20
Q

Define respect, wisdom, responsibility, relationships (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

Wisdom comes from those who have had a lot of experience
Respect for self and others
Strong community is essential for health and wellness
Relationships with oneself, family, community, land

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21
Q

Define land, community, family, nations (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

Land is important in First Nations health
Nourishes, provides and connects
Western society views land as something to own vs share

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22
Q

Define social, environmental, cultural, economic (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

Importance of access to food, water, housing
Reciprocal actions
Preserving pieces of culture (e.g., language)

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23
Q

Define people (in regards to First Nations wellness)

A

All the different people within a community encapsulate the values

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24
Q

What are the 5 circles for the approach to First Nations wellness

A

Wellness across continuum
Foundation (cultural and traditional healing)
Services appropriate to needs
Integrated services
Local Nation-based approaches

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25
Q

Define wellness across continuum (in regards to First Nations wellness approach)

A

Enhance conditions that support wellness
Address root causes to ensure all are prioritized

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26
Q

Define foundation (in regards to First Nations wellness approach)

A

Long heritage of treatment (intergenerational trauma)
Two-eyed seeing

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27
Q

Define services appropriate to needs (in regards to First Nations wellness approach)

A

Person centered
Looking at relationships
Acknowledge all of society

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28
Q

Define integrated services (in regards to First Nations wellness approach)

A

Addressing the whole needs
More holistic approach

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29
Q

Define local Nation-based (in regards to First Nations wellness approach)

A

Increased sense of cultural identity
Sense of belonging is essential
Culture is a premise to health and wellbeing

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30
Q

What are the 5 (*6) major Western paradigms?

A

Biological (temperament/neurotransmitters)
Psychoanalytical (Freud/Defence mechanisms)
Behavioural/Learning (Classical/Operant conditioning)
Cognitive (Schema)
Humanistic/Existensial
*Social factors

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31
Q

What are the Big 5 dimensions of temperament?

A

Openness (to new experiences)
Conscientiousness (organized)
Extraversion (higher energy)
Agreeableness (go with the flow)
Neuroticism (negative reactions to things)

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32
Q

What are the 5 main neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Dopamine (DA)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Glutamate (GLU)

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33
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)?

A

Excitatory, arousal/readiness for action

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34
Q

What is the function of Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

A

Inhibitory, behaviour and emotion

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35
Q

What is the function of Dopamine (DA)?

A

Motivation and reward

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36
Q

What is the function of Serotonin (5-HT)?

A

Regulates, mood, appetite, sleep, impulse control

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37
Q

What is the function of Glutamate (GLU)?

A

Excitatory, learning and memory

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38
Q

According to Freudian’s psychoanalytic theory what are the 3 structures of the mind and what are their roles?

A

Id: pleasure principle, controls basic urges for food, warmth, sex, how you stay alive
Ego: reality principle, how you deal with what you are faced with
Superego: Decides what is right and wrong

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39
Q

What is a defence mechanism?

A

Unconscious strategies to protect the ego from distress

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40
Q

Define repression

A

Shut down impulses
Events are pushed out of memory

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41
Q

Define denial

A

Pretend the event never occurred, although you are still aware of its occurrence

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42
Q

Define projection

A

Seeing ones own unacceptable qualities in others and disliking them for possessing those qualities
Putting your negative feelings onto someone else

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43
Q

Define displacement

A

Threatening impulse or desire is redirected onto another target
Taking it out on someone else

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44
Q

Define rationalization

A

Generating acceptable, logical reasons for outcomes that otherwise would not be acceptable

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45
Q

Define reaction formation

A

Do the opposite of what you are wanting to do
To stifle an unacceptable impulse, the exact opposite behaviours/desires are displayed

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46
Q

Define regression

A

Revert back to a way you used to act or something you used to do

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47
Q

Define sublimation

A

Convert unacceptable desire into acceptable behavior that still helps relieve anxiety

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48
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Association of unrelated elements due to repeated pairing
Neutral stimulus → associated with something → reaction occurs
(E.g., dog salivates at bell)

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49
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Based on the Law of Effect
Pleasant consequence leads to an increase of behaviour (+/- reinforcement)
Unpleasant consequences leads to a decrease in behaviour (+/- punishment)

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50
Q

What is the difference between +/- reinforcement and +/- punishment

A

+ Reinforcement: something is added to promote the behaviour
- Reinforcement: something is removed to increase behaviour (alarm clock turns off to promote waking up)
+ Punishment: something is added to decrease behaviour
- Punishment: something is removed to decrease behaviour

51
Q

What is Mowrer’s two-factor theory?

A

Fears are acquired by classical conditioning (emotional response to a neutral stimulus) and maintained by operant conditioning (learned avoidance of a previously neutral conditioned stimulus)

52
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Psychological disorders come from cognitive (thinking) errors
We actively interpret situations, imposing meaning through perception, interpretation,
judgment, memory, reasoning

53
Q

Define schema

A

Organized network of accumulated knowledge that guides interpretation of events
Collection of the way we see things

54
Q

What is the humanistic/existential perspective?

A

Core of human functions is inner, subjective experiences
Emphasis on positive growth, finding a meaning in life, taking responsibility

55
Q

How do social factors relate to the 5 paradigms?

A

Poverty, parental stress, minoritized status can all link to psychopathology and lead to issues

56
Q

How do we combine the paradigms?

A

The biopsychosocial model is a unified model of psychopathology that includes:
Biological factors
Psychological (cognitive/emotional) factors
Social (and cultural) factors
Looking at the biological and psychological that influences and is influenced by
the social relationships we have: Etiology
Presentation
Treatment

57
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Diathesis (predisposing cause or underlying vulnerability) + stress (precipitating cause or trigger circumstances) = disorder

58
Q

What’s the difference between interactive and additive models

A

Interactive: needs the environment to activate
Additive: can develop, even without the necessary genes (e.g., PTSD)

59
Q

What are protective factors?

A

Influence how a person responses and can also lead to resilience (ability to successfully adapt to difficult circumstances)

60
Q

Explain gene-environment interactions

A

Genes - inherited tendencies (diathesis) create a vulnerability, not certainty
Environment - tendencies are activated (stressor) can override genes
Most disorders are polygenic

61
Q

What is the underlying premise of Western treatment?

A

People can change, not who they are but how they interact

62
Q

What are the 3 kinds of biological therapies

A

Psychopharmacology
ECT
TMS

63
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Biological therapy
Providing medication (most common method)
Con is people who prescribe are general practitioners

64
Q

What is ECT?

A

Biological therapy
Shock therapy
Meant for things like treatment resistant disorder (e.g., depression)

65
Q

What is TMS?

A

Biological therapy
Picks a section of the brain and activates or knocks them out

66
Q

What is psychotherapy?

A

Type of psychological treatment
A variety of treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviours
Can be evidence based or not evidence based

67
Q

What is the difference between evidence based and not evidence based psychotherapy?

A

Evidence based: efficacy studies have found it efficacious
Treatment works to decrease symptoms and is equal or better than comparison groups
Not evidence based: based off experience, still being tested

68
Q

What neurotransmitter is high in psychosis and what is used to treat it in psychopharmacology?

A

Dopamine (DA)
Antipsychotics

69
Q

What neurotransmitter is low in BPD and what is used to treat it in psychopharmacology?

A

(GABA)
Lithium

70
Q

What neurotransmitter is low in anxiety and what is used to treat it in psychopharmacology?

A

(GABA)
Benzodiazephines

71
Q

What neurotransmitter is low in depression and what is used to treat it in psychopharmacology?

A

Serotonin (5-HT)
SSRIs

72
Q

What are the types of evidence based (5) and non evidence based (2) psychotherapies?

A

Evidence based:
Behavioural
Cognitive
Cognitive-behavioural
Humanistic
Interpersonal therapy
Not evidence based:
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic

73
Q

What is classic Freudian psychoanalysis?

A

Uses methods like free association, analysis of dreams, transference, resistance

74
Q

What is transference?

A

When someone redirects their feelings about one person onto someone else

75
Q

What is psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy?

A

Object relations/attachment theory

76
Q

What is behaviour therapy?

A

Believes if you modify behaviour feelings will follow
Examples:
Exposure therapy
Modeling
Reinforcement
Behavioural activation

77
Q

What does behaviour therapy treat well?

A

Anxiety disorders, depression

78
Q

What is cognitive therapy?

A

Believes thoughts cause feelings and moods which influence behaviour
Examines distorted patterns of thinking and changes behaviour by changing thoughts

79
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

A

Puts it all together
Most practiced
Incorporates thoughts and behaviours

80
Q

What does CBT treat well?

A

Anxiety, mild-moderate depression, conduct disorder, bulimia

81
Q

What is the CBT 3 component model?

A

ABC
Affect (feelings): hard to change
Behaviour (actions)
Cognitions (thoughts): very hard to change
Shaped like a triangle where they all influence each other

82
Q

What is humanistic therapy?

A

Client centered
Uses motivational interviewing
Good for building commitment to treatment

83
Q

What does humanistic therapy treat well?

A

Difficult to treat behaviours like substance abuse

84
Q

What is interpersonal therapy?

A

Eclectic, uses multiple paradigms
Addresses clients relationships to others DBT premise

85
Q

What does interpersonal therapy treat well?

A

BPD, depression

86
Q

What is the relationship between psychotherapy and minoritzed groups?

A

People in minoritzed groups are:
less studied, use less services and have less access to empirically supported treatments

87
Q

What is the stress HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus releases a hormone
Pituitary gland releases the hormone
Adrenal gland lets out cortisol (stress hormone)

88
Q

What are some effects of extreme stress?

A

Can create extensive physical and psychological problems
Increase reactivity in sympathetic nervous system
Decrease efficacy of immune system
Decrease psychological self efficacy

89
Q

What are the psychosocial contributing factors?

A

External vs internal
Stressor, crisis, resources

90
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Exposure to event threatening death, serious injury, sexual violence through Criterion A (need to have it to be diagnosed): Traumatic Event
Direct experience
Witness others experience
Learning it happened to close family/friends
Repeated/extreme exposure to aversive details of event

91
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of PTSD?

A

Intrusion
Avoidance
Negative cognitions and mood
Arousal and reactivity

92
Q

What is intrusion in relation to PTSD?

A

Uninvited and out of nowhere
E.g., flashbacks and nightmares

93
Q

What is avoidance in relation to PTSD?

A

Avoid specific things associated with the trauma
E.g., outfit, location, person

94
Q

What is negative cognitions and mood in relation to PTSD?

A

Detachment
Shame and anger
Disassociation
Distorted blame for self or others

95
Q

What is arousal and reactivity in relation to PTSD?

A

Very common
Insomnia
Hypervigilance
Difficulty concentrating
High startle response

96
Q

What are the most common triggering events?

A

Combat
Assault
Natural disaster
Torture

97
Q

What is the difference between PTSD in men and women?

A

Men experience more traumatic events but women are 2x more likely to experience PTSD
Women are more likely to know the perpetrator for it to be intentional

98
Q

How does human intent affect PTSD?

A

Assault is more likely to be intention and less likely to be forgiven making symptoms worse
Accidents are more likely to be reasoned

99
Q

How does sexual assault influence PTSD?

A

Most common PTSD in women
Serious psychological problems depends on past coping skill, currently functioning
Disclosing the assault can help lessen the negative reaction and promote growth

100
Q

How does transgenerational trauma influence PTSD?

A

Epigenetic make you more likely to carry the gene

101
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Etiology: Bio

A

Genes account for 1/3 variance in symptom severity (5-HT)
Neurobiological factors
Hyperactive limbic system
Higher NE
Less 5-HT

102
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Etiology: Psycho

A

Threat related psychology process, more attuned to danger means more likely to see danger
Neuroticism increased likelihood to experience negative emotions
Cognitive ability more IQ increases cognitive flexibility

103
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Etiology: Social

A

Previous trauma makes you more likely to experience trauma
Uncontrollable/unpredictable events
Social support (more support equals less likely)
Severity of trauma related to perception of trauma

104
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Presentation: Bio

A

Fear learning, amygdala is more likely to be activated, heighented reactivity
Memory and learning, hippocampus cell death
Stress response, limbic system hyperactivity

105
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Presentation: Psycho

A

Persistent reexperience (nightmares, flashbacks)
Avoidance and emotional numbing
Increased arousal

106
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Presentation: Social

A

Avoidance and emotional numbing

107
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Treatment: Bio

A

Beta blockers
Prophylactic decreases physiological response to prevent by numbing out
SSRIs decrease depression, intrusive thoughts

108
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Treatment: Psycho

A

CBT (53% effective)
Behavioural:
Prolonged exposure
EMDR talk about the event to see how you process
Cognitive how you make sense of what happened
Prevention:
Advanced preparation

109
Q

Biopsychosocial model of PTSD: Treatment: Social

A

Disclosing trauma
Prevention of PTSD
Increased social support

110
Q

What are some different types of anxiety disorders?

A

Specific phobias
Social anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Generalized anxiety disorder

111
Q

What are anxiety disorder commonalities in etiology?

A

Biological and psychological causes, genes, neuroticism, lack of perceived control
Influence of social factors depend on culture

112
Q

What are anxiety disorder commonalities in presentation?

A

Unrealistic, irrational fears
Disabling intensity

113
Q

What are anxiety disorder commonalities in treatment?

A

Most effective treatment is typically exposure

114
Q

What does basic research in anxiety state?

A

The more predictably and perceived control, the lower anxiety
The less predictably and perceived control, the greater anxiety

115
Q

Define specific phobia

A

Strong fear and avoidance of object or situation
Out of proportion to actual danger
Disruptive avoidance
Recognized as unreasonable

116
Q

Types of specific phobias

A

Animals
Natural environment
Blood injection injury (BII)
Situational

117
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Etiology: Bio

A

Genes speed and strength of conditioning of fear
Behaviourally inhibited (infants more likely to develop phobia younger when less other factors)

118
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Etiology: Psycho

A

Prepared learning
If you process an event as traumatic more likely to develop phobia
Traumatic condition of fear

119
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Etiology: Social

A

Vicarious learning
Fear immunization (immunization against a potential later fear development)

120
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Presentation: Bio

A

Automatic arousal (fight or flight)

121
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Presentation: Psycho

A

Heightened vigilance/attention to feared object or situation
Negative mood
Low sense of efficacy
Diminished internal focus of control

122
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Presentation: Social

A

Avoidance of situation eliciting anxiety
Prevents learning new associations

123
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Treatment: Bio

A

SSRIs
Benzodiazepines (super addictive, create biological avoidance)
Generally not helpful

124
Q

Biopsychosocial model of Phobia:
Treatment: Psycho

A

Behaviour therapy
Habituation
Systematic desensitization

UBC PSYC 300 (2 decks)

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