Final Exam Flashcards
Topics: Substance Use Disorder, Psychosis and Schizophrenia, Childhood Disorders, Personality Disorders
What can excessive use of substance lead to?
Dangerous behaviours
Continued use despite persistent problem
What is substance dependence?
Substance abuse resulting in tolerance and/or withdrawal
Define tolerance
Physiological need for increased substance for the same effects
Define withdrawal
Physical symptoms that result from stopping use (e.g., nausea, sweating, tension, headaches, tremors)
What are the stages of substance abuse?
Positive attitude leads to experimentation which leads to regular use then heavy use which leads to physical dependence/abuse
How does the DSM-5 define substance use/alcohol use disorder?
Problematic pattern of ETOH use leads to impairment
How does the DSM-5 diagnose substance use/alcohol use disorder?
2+ symptoms within 12 months
More ETOH than planned
Desire to control use
Time spent in ETOH pursuits
Craving
Use leading to interpersonal problems
Use despite above, interpersonal problems
Activities given up because of use
Use in physically dangerous situations
Use despite physical/psychological problems to to ETOH
Tolerance
Withdrawal
What does the WHO describe as harmful alcohol use?
Heavy episodic drinking
≥ 6 drinks
≥ 1x/month
What is the prevalence of harmful drinking patterns?
30% Canadian undergraduates vs 17% of the population
People who use a lot of alcohol in university does not mean they will continue to do so in adulthood
What is BAC and what affects it?
Amount ingested in a particular period of time
Food eaten, sex, age, medications
What are some short-term effects of heavy alcohol use?
Stimulating, then depressant action
Interference with complex thought and motor coordination
Interacts with several neural systems
Effects strongly tied to expectations
How does heavy alcohol use interact with neural systems in short-term use?
Stimulates GABA receptors (tension and motor coordination goes down)
Increases 5-HT and DA (motivation for pleasure/craving, addictive)
Inhibits glutamate receptors (cognitive effects)
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Etiology: Bio
Genes
Alcohol risk personality
Ability to tolerate/metabolize alcohol
Motivation for substance use (decrease tension vs increase pleasure)
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Etiology: Psycho
Stress, tension reduction, (negative) reinforcement
Expectations of social success
Perceived benefits outweigh the costs
Sensation (novelty) seeking
Drinking motives
What are the drinking motives?
Positive Internal: Enhancement (highest risk)
Sensation seeking
I am feeling great
Negative Internal: Coping (highest risk)
Stress, tension reduction, reinforcement
How do I deal with this?
Positive External: Social
Expectations of social success
I want to enjoy people more
Negative External: Conformity
Perceived benefits outweigh costs
I don’t want to be judged so I am going to do it to fit in
Most common at highschool and university age
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Etiology: Social
Culture
What you see is what you do
Attitudes/use patterns
Tradition of aggression
Religion
Family
Parent use/guidance
Family/marital problems
Older siblings
Exposure and learning
Availability of substance
Peer/social influences
Media
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Treatment: Bio
Medication: block desire to drink (operant conditioning)
e.g., Antabuse, naltrexone
Lower side effects of withdrawal (e.g., valium)
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
What are the 6 stages of change in the transtheoretical model?
Pre-contemplation: no mention of changing behavior
Contemplation: start thinking about change
Preparation: intend to take action
Action: start making changes and developing new behavior
Maintenance: sustaining changes and developing new behavior
Relapse: return to old ways (common)
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Treatment: Psycho
CBT and Behavioural
Aversion conditioning
Skills training
Self-control
Motivation enhancement
Controlled drinking vs abstinence
Biopsychosocial model of Substance Use: Treatment: Social
Group therapy
Forced to confront problem
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Environmental intervention (e.g., halfway houses)
What is the treatment efficacy for substance use?
Wide range
Depends on everity of substance abuse (duration, amount of tolerance), and type of treatment
All treatment types are equally effective
List drugs that are associated with addiction
Narcotics
Sedatives
Stimulants
Includes ADHD meds
Anti-anxiety drugs
Pain medication
Hallucinogens
What are some short term biological effects of opioids?
Decreased physical pain
Relaxation
Decreased anxiety
Euphoria
What are some long term biological effects of opioids?
Physiological craving
Withdrawal symptoms
Physical deterioration
Immune system, organ damage
Consequences of poor health, dangerous behavior