MIDTERM (multiple choice) Flashcards
1
Q
- Is a variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome, which can result in different traits or characteristics. A. Amniocentesis B. Backbone C. Base pair D. Allele
A
D. Allele
2
Q
- A medical procedure used to sample amniotic fluid to detect genetic disorders in a fetus. A. Breeding value B. Biotype C. Amniocentesis D. Chromosome
A
C. Amniocentesis
3
Q
- The structural framework of DNA consisting of a sugar-phosphate chain. A. Backbone B. Backcross C. Heterosis D. Gene pool
A
A. Backbone
4
Q
- The mating of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent. A. Recombinant DNA B. Backcross C. Quantitative trait D. Founder effect
A
B. Backcross
5
Q
- A pair of complementary nucleotides in a DNA molecule. A. Genetic drift B. Base pair C. Mutation D. Pedigree
A
B. Base pair
6
Q
- A group of organisms sharing the same genetic makeup and adaptation characteristics. A. Selection pressure B. Biotype C. Genetic polymorphism D. Polyploidy
A
B. Biotype
7
Q
- The genetic worth of an individual in terms of its ability to pass on desirable traits to offspring. A. Breeding value B. Trait inheritance C. SNP chip D. Genetic contributions
A
A. Breeding value
8
Q
- A structure composed of DNA that contains genes, carrying hereditary information. A. Twin-spotting B. Embryo transfer C. Chromosome D. Biosafety
A
C. Chromosome
9
Q
- A form of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Codominance C. Selection pressure D. Genetic marker
A
B. Codominance
10
Q
- The practice of mating animals of different breeds to produce offspring with desirable traits. A. Conservation genetics B. Crossbreeding C. Marker-trait association D. Line breeding
A
B. Crossbreeding
11
Q
- A trait that is expressed in the presence of a single copy of the allele. A. Inbreeding B. Dominant C. Recombinant D. Genetic diversity
A
B. Dominant
12
Q
- A process that decreases the expression of a gene, often through regulatory mechanisms. A. Down-regulation B. Genetic engineering C. Epigenetics D. Pedigree
A
A. Down-regulation
13
Q
- The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence. A. Genetic drift B. Epigenetics C. Gene pool D. Hybridization
A
B. Epigenetics
14
Q
- A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or function. A. Trait inheritance B. Gene C. SNP chip D. Genetic resources
A
B. Gene
15
Q
- A mechanism of evolution that results from random changes in allele frequencies in a population. A. Genetic drift B. Recessive C. Artificial insemination D. Fertility rate
A
A. Genetic drift
16
Q
- A specific DNA sequence used to identify individuals or species. A. Cloning B. Genetic marker C. Reproductive efficiency D. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
A
B. Genetic marker
17
Q
- The genetic makeup of an organism, determining its hereditary traits. A. Genotype B. Polygenic inheritance C. Conservation genetics D. Wild type
A
A. Genotype
18
Q
- The increased performance or fitness of hybrid offspring compared to their parents. A. Heterosis B. Ethical breeding C. Selection pressure D. Polyploidy
A
A. Heterosis
19
Q
- An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene. A. Codominance B. Homozygous C. Gene therapy D. Founder effect
A
B. Homozygous
20
Q
- Another term for heterosis, referring to the superior qualities of hybrid offspring. A. SNP chip B. Twin-spotting C. Hybrid vigor D. Pedigree
A
C. Hybrid vigor
21
Q
- The mating of closely related individuals, often leading to reduced genetic diversity. A. Inbreeding B. Crossbreeding C. Genetic marker D. Recombinant DNA
A
A. Inbreeding
22
Q
- A reduction in fitness due to the breeding of closely related individuals, often resulting in genetic disorders. A. Genotype B. Inbreeding depression C. Quantitative trait D. Codominance
A
B. Inbreeding depression
23
Q
- The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together. A. Linkage B. Mutation C. Recessive D. Polygenic inheritance
A
A. Linkage
24
Q
- The specific location of a gene on a chromosome. A. Genetic drift B. Locus C. Selection pressure D. Gene flow
A
B. Locus
25
Q
- A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism. A. Selection pressure B. Mutation C. Down-regulation D. Cloning
A
B. Mutation
26
Q
- The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from its genotype and environment. A. Phenotype B. Haplotype C. Gene pool D. Genomic imprinting
A
A. Phenotype
27
Q
- The inheritance of traits controlled by multiple genes. A. Pedigree B. Polygenic inheritance C. Recombinant D. Transgenic
A
B. Polygenic inheritance
28
Q
A measurable characteristic influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Quantitative trait C. Genetic polymorphism D. Allele
A
B. Quantitative trait
29
Q
- A technology that involves combining DNA from different organisms to create new genetic combinations. A. Recombinant DNA B. Conservation genetics C. Gene pool D. Genetic predisposition
A
A. Recombinant DNA
30
Q
- The process of selecting specific individuals for reproduction to enhance desirable traits in future generations. A. Biotechnologies B. Selective breeding C. Twin-spotting D. Fertility rate
A
B. Selective breeding
31
Q
- A factor in the environment that influences which individuals survive and reproduce based on their traits. A. Selection pressure B. Inbreeding C. Recombinant DNA D. Genomic selection
A
A. Selection pressure
32
Q
- A trait associated with genes located on a sex chromosome, typically the X chromosome. A. Genetic drift B. Sex-linked trait C. Hybrid vigor D. Codominance
A
B. Sex-linked trait
33
Q
- A single nucleotide variation in the genome, which can serve as a genetic marker. A. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) B. Quantitative trait C. Linkage D. Genetic predisposition
A
A. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)
34
Q
- A genetic cross used to determine an organism’s genotype by breeding it with a homozygous recessive individual. A. Testcross B. Selection pressure C. Founder effect D. Heritability
A
A. Testcross
35
Q
- An organism that has been genetically modified by introducing DNA from another species. A. Polygenic inheritance B. Transgenic C. Pedigree D. Genetic polymorphism
A
B. Transgenic
36
Q
- A phenomenon where adjacent cells in an organism develop differently due to genetic recombination during mitosis. A. Twin-spotting B. Balancing selection C. Hybridization D. Reproductive efficiency
A
A. Twin-spotting
37
Q
- A breeding approach that considers the emotional well-being and behavioral traits of animals. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Affective breeding C. Cloning D. Marker-assisted selection
A
B. Affective breeding
38
Q
- A reproductive technology that involves artificially introducing sperm into a female’s reproductive tract. A. Artificial insemination B. Gene flow C. DNA sequencing D. Stratification
A
A. Artificial insemination
39
Q
- Technologies used in genetic research and applications, including cloning and genetic engineering. A. Selection pressure B. Biotechnologies C. Genetic diversity D. Pedigree
A
B. Biotechnologies
40
Q
- A process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell. A. Cloning B. Testcross C. Genetic marker D. Allele
A
A. Cloning
41
Q
- A field of genetics focused on maintaining and restoring genetic diversity in endangered species. A. Conservation genetics B. Founder effect C. Genetic predisposition D. Gene therapy
A
A. Conservation genetics
42
Q
- A region of DNA rich in cytosine and guanine that is often associated with gene regulation. A. CpG island B. SNP chip C. Transgenic D. Genetic engineering
A
A. CpG island
43
Q
- A method used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. A. Selection pressure B. DNA sequencing C. Reproductive efficiency D. Polygenic inheritance
A
B. DNA sequencing
44
Q
- A reproductive technology in which a fertilized embryo is transferred from one female to another. A. Genetic polymorphism B. Embryo transfer C. Quantitative trait locus D. Inbreeding depression
A
B. Embryo transfer
45
Q
- A measurement used in animal breeding to estimate the genetic potential of an offspring. A. EPD (Expected Progeny Difference) B. Pedigree C. Gene pool D. Mutation
A
A. EPD (Expected Progeny Difference)
46
Q
- The number of offspring produced per individual or population within a specific time frame. A. Codominance B. Selection pressure C. Fertility rate D. Recombinant DNA
A
C. Fertility rate
47
Q
- A genetic phenomenon where a small population is formed from a larger one, reducing genetic diversity. A. Genetic marker B. Founder effect C. SNP chip D. Linkage
A
B. Founder effect
48
Q
- The transfer of alleles from one population to another due to migration or breeding. A. Gene flow B. Skeletal dysplasia C. Heterosis D. Inbreeding depression
A
A. Gene flow
49
Q
- The total genetic material present in a population at a given time. A. Pedigree B. Genetic predisposition C. Gene pool D. Hybridization
A
C. Gene pool
50
Q
- The variety of genes within a species or population, contributing to adaptability and survival. A. Genetic diversity B. Recombinant DNA C. Twin-spotting D. Ethical breeding
A
A. Genetic diversity
51
Q
- A genetic phenomenon where the expression of a gene depends on whether it was inherited from the mother or the father. A. Genetic engineering B. Genomic imprinting C. DNA sequencing D. Hybrid vigor
A
B. Genomic imprinting
52
Q
- The direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. A. Genetic engineering B. Pedigree C. Selection pressure D. Testcross
A
A. Genetic engineering
53
Q
- An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease due to genetic factors. A. Genetic resources B. Genetic predisposition C. Linkage D. Recessive
A
B. Genetic predisposition
54
Q
- A set of DNA variations that are inherited together from a single parent. A. Polyploidy B. Haplotype C. Founder effect D. Quantitative trait
A
B. Haplotype
55
Q
- The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors. A. Trait inheritance B. Heritability C. Recombinant DNA D. Genetic marker
A
B. Heritability
56
Q
- The process of crossing two genetically distinct individuals to create offspring with combined traits. A. Hybridization B. Skeletal dysplasia C. Twin-spotting D. Balancing selection
A
A. Hybridization
57
Q
- A disorder or disease that is passed down from parents to offspring through genes. A. Inherited disorder B. DNA sequencing C. Genetic contributions D. Selection pressure
A
A. Inherited disorder
58
Q
- A technique that uses genetic markers to assist in selecting desirable traits in breeding programs. A. Marker-assisted selection B. Quantitative trait locus C. Genetic polymorphism D. Pedigree
A
A. Marker-assisted selection
59
Q
- A branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of genes and gene expression. A. Molecular genetics B. Genomic selection C. Genetic engineering D. Testcross
A
A. Molecular genetics
60
Q
- DNA that exists outside of cells or has been released into the environment. A. Recombinant B. Naked DNA C. Genetic marker D. Hybrid vigor
A
B. Naked DNA
61
Q
- The retention of juvenile features in an adult organism, often due to delayed development. A. Polygenic inheritance B. Neoteny C. Genetic marker D. Testcross
A
B. Neoteny
62
Q
- The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, leading to genetic abnormalities. A. Nondisjunction B. Genetic drift C. SNP chip D. Recombinant DNA
A
A. Nondisjunction
63
Q
- A recorded lineage or ancestry of an individual, often used in breeding programs. A. Pedigree B. Genetic resources C. Epigenetics D. Linkage
A
A. Pedigree
64
Q
- The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism. A. Genetic predisposition B. Polyploidy C. Selection pressure D. Gene therapy
A
B. Polyploidy
65
Q
- A breeding approach that focuses on maintaining rare or endangered breeds to preserve genetic diversity. A. Preservation breeding B. Recombinant DNA C. Founder effect D. Crossbreeding
A
A. Preservation breeding
66
Q
- A specific region of the genome associated with a quantitative trait. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) C. Haplotype D. Pedigree
A
B. QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus)
67
Q
- A genetic trait that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele. A. Codominance B. Recessive C. Genetic drift D. Inbreeding depression
A
B. Recessive
68
Q
- A DNA molecule formed through the combination of genetic material from two different sources. A. Recombinant B. SNP chip C. Genomic imprinting D. Twin-spotting
A
A. Recombinant
69
Q
- The portion of variability in a trait that is not explained by genetic factors. A. Selection pressure B. Founder effect C. Residual variance D. Genetic marker
A
C. Residual variance
70
Q
- A group of disorders affecting bone growth and development, leading to abnormalities in the skeleton. A. Skeletal dysplasia B. Gene pool C. Artificial insemination D. Ethical breeding
A
A. Skeletal dysplasia
71
Q
- A cloning technique where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated egg cell. A. Selection pressure B. Somatic cell nuclear transfer C. Genetic drift D. Twin-spotting
A
B. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
72
Q
- The division of a population into subgroups based on genetic or environmental differences. A. Stratification B. Recombinant DNA C. Codominance D. Pedigree
A
A. Stratification
73
Q
- A chromosomal abnormality where a segment of a chromosome is relocated to another chromosome. A. Hybridization B. Translocation C. SNP chip D. Genetic engineering
A
B. Translocation
74
Q
- A genetic condition where both copies of a chromosome or part of a chromosome come from only one parent. A. Uniparental disomy B. Heritability C. Gene flow D. Polyploidy
A
A. Uniparental disomy
75
Q
- A statistical measure of how much individuals in a population differ from the average. A. Genetic diversity B. Variance C. Recessive D. Founder effect
A
B. Variance
76
Q
- A reduced or non-functional anatomical structure that has lost its original purpose due to evolution. A. Selection pressure B. Vestigial structure C. Epigenetics D. Polygenic inheritance
A
B. Vestigial structure
77
Q
- The standard form of a gene or phenotype that is most commonly found in a natural population. A. Genetic marker B. Artificial insemination C. Wild type D. Genetic predisposition
A
C. Wild type
78
Q
- A mode of speciation that occurs without geographical isolation, often due to ecological or behavioral factors. A. Genetic drift B. Sympatric speciation C. Recombinant D. Breeding value
A
B. Sympatric speciation
79
Q
- A medical technique that involves introducing, removing, or altering genes to treat or prevent disease. A. Gene therapy B. Testcross C. Genetic imprinting D. SNP chip
A
A. Gene therapy
80
Q
- The practice of improving livestock quality by breeding them with higher-performing animals. A. Molecular genetics B. Grading up C. Marker-assisted selection D. Skeletal dysplasia
A
B. Grading up
81
Q
- The application of safety measures to prevent potential risks associated with biotechnology and genetic engineering. A. Biosafety B. Genetic contributions C. Testcross D. Haplotype
A
A. Biosafety
82
Q
- A breeding approach that prioritizes animal welfare, sustainability, and responsible genetic selection. A. Genetic predisposition B. Ethical breeding C. Founder effect D. Recombinant DNA
A
B. Ethical breeding
83
Q
The process of selectively breeding animals to improve traits related to productivity, health, and performance.
A. Livestock improvement
B. Genetic diversity
C. Inbreeding depression
D. SNP chip
A
A. Livestock improvement
84
Q
- A professional service that helps individuals understand genetic risks and inheritance patterns. A. Genetic counseling B. Pedigree C. Conservation genetics D. Hybridization
A
A. Genetic counseling
85
Q
- The process by which traits are passed from one generation to the next through genetic material. A. Genetic engineering B. Trait inheritance C. Genetic drift D. Artificial insemination
A
B. Trait inheritance
86
Q
- A type of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity by favoring multiple alleles in a population. A. Balancing selection B. Selection pressure C. Gene therapy D. Recessive
A
A. Balancing selection
87
Q
- The process of using genome-wide data to predict and select for desirable traits in breeding programs. A. Recombinant DNA B. Genomic selection C. DNA sequencing D. Skeletal dysplasia
A
B. Genomic selection
88
Q
- The relationship between genetic markers and specific traits, used in breeding and genetic studies. A. Genetic resources B. Marker-trait association C. Heterosis D. Reproductive efficiency
A
B. Marker-trait association
89
Q
- The occurrence of multiple genetic variations in a population, contributing to diversity. A. Genetic polymorphism B. Founder effect C. Neoteny D. CpG island
A
A. Genetic polymorphism
90
Q
- A structured breeding strategy designed to achieve specific genetic improvements in a population. A. Breeding program B. Sympatric speciation C. Line breeding D. Transgenic
A
A. Breeding program
91
Q
- The observable characteristics and traits of an animal resulting from genetic and environmental influences. A. Animal phenotype B. DNA sequencing C. Translocation D. QTL
A
A. Animal phenotype
92
Q
- A clearly defined goal that guides selective breeding decisions to enhance specific traits. A. Breeding objective B. Naked DNA C. Gene flow D. Codominance
A
A. Breeding objective
93
Q
- The study of genetic variation within populations and how it changes over time due to evolutionary forces. A. Population genetics B. Testcross C. Skeletal dysplasia D. Cloning
A
A. Population genetics
94
Q
- A DNA analysis tool used to detect SNPs and assess genetic variations for breeding and research purposes. A. SNP chip B. Recombinant C. Fertility rate D. Pedigree
A
A. SNP chip
95
Q
- A genetically uniform group of animals within a breeding program, selected for specific traits. A. Breeding line B. Genetic predisposition C. Selection pressure D. Mutation
A
A. Breeding line
96
Q
- Traits related to reproductive performance, such as litter size and fertility rate, important in breeding. A. Fertility traits B. Heritability C. Codominance D. Recombinant DNA
A
A. Fertility traits
97
Q
- The ability of an animal to successfully reproduce, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A. Genetic diversity B. Reproductive efficiency C. Marker-assisted selection D. Artificial insemination
A
B. Reproductive efficiency
98
Q
- The genetic impact of individuals on future generations based on their reproductive success. A. Genetic contributions B. Transgenic C. Balancing selection D. Polyploidy
A
A. Genetic contributions
99
Q
- A breeding strategy that maintains desirable traits by mating related individuals within a lineage. A. Line breeding B. Hybridization C. Wild type D. Conservation genetics
A
A. Line breeding
100
Q
- The total genetic material available in a species, essential for conservation and breeding programs. A. Genetic resources B. Pedigree C. SNP chip D. Variance
A
A. Genetic resources
